94 SOCIAL SCIENTIST memories have become an integral part of our popular culture and folk tradition, containing a number of images which repeatedly enlivens the past. To memorise the history of 1857, the people used all the three mediums of folk remembrance viz. Vak (oral), Drish (visual symbols) Krit (rituals forms). Probably, people want to keep alive these memories because they believe that the tasks of 1857 are still unfinished. NOTES 1. That popular culture is distinct from high or learned culture, is suggested in Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, London (1970), 2. Marx in his writing on India argued that the revolt involved the masses, and was not a mere initiatary mutiny. Other works that have studied the people's initiative on the revolt include, P.C. Joshi (ed.) Rebellion 1857, Calcutta, 1957; Badri Narayan, Lok Sanskriti Mein Rashtraysad, Radhankrishana, New Delhi, 1996. 3. E.P. Thompson, "Folk lore, Anthropology and Social history, Indian Historical Review, Vol.11, No.l, January 1997 New Delhi and Eugene Weber, Peasants in Frenchmen: The modernisation of Modern France (1870-1930), Underlined the importance of folk lore to understand the folk societies. 4. Nihar Ran]an Roy, Bangli Itihas, Lekhak Samvay Samiti, Calcutta 1966, and Maurice Aymord, Harbans Mukhia (eds.), French Studies in History Vol.1, New Delhi, 1988. provide the theoritical background for this statement. 5. D.D. Kosambi, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay, 1975, Aslo see his, Myth and Reality, Bombay, 1962. 6. Eugene Weber, Peasants in Frenchmen, Modernisation of Modern France (1870- 1934). 1. Robert Redf ield, Peasant Society and Culture, University of Chicago Press, 1956. 8. See P.C Joshi (ed.), Rebellion 1857, Calcutta, 1957. 9. See my Unpublished paper, "Memory and Social Protest", presented at the Seminar on "Culture, Communication and Power" organised by Centre de sciences Hummins, Embassy of France. (21-23 April, 1997). 10. NGUGI WA THYONGO, Bhasha, Sanskriti Aur Raahtriya Asmita, Scransh, New Delhi (1994). 11. See James Scott, Weapons of the Weak-Everday Form of Peasant Resistance, New Havan, Yale University- Press, 1985; and Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Rupa, New Delhi, 1990. 12. H. L. Senviratne, Identity, Consciousness and the Past, O.U.P. NewDelhi, 1997. 13. This narrative is recorded in Jagdishpur, narrator Sheo Muni of Jagdishpur, Bhojpur, Bihar.