36 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 8 Tolkappiyam - Porulatikaram-Ilampuranam. The South Saiva Sidhanta Works Publishing Society, Madras 1965, p 5. 9 Kanecaiyer (Ed.) Telkappiyam' Porulatikaram-Naccinarkiniyam, Thirumakal Press, Chun nakam 1948,p 5. 1 ° Ibid., p 20. ^ 11 M Raghava lyengar, Tolkappiyaporulatikara Araycei, Tamil Sangam, Madurai 1929, p23. 12 Ibid., pp 24 ff. 13 P T Srinivasa lyengar. History of the Tamils up to 600 A D, Madras 1929, p 4, cf. his article on "Environment and Culture" Triveni, Vol I, No 3, Madras 1928, p 72. 14 Ibid.,pp 5-12. 18 V R Ramachandra Dikshithar, Studies in Tamil Literature and History, University of Madras 1936, p 178. 16 K Zvelabil, "Tamil Poetry 2000 Years Ago". Tamil Culture, Vol X, Madras 1963. 17 X S Thaninayagam, Landscape and Poetry, Asia Publishing House, London 1966, p 39. 18 S Singaravelu, Social Life of the Tamils - The Classical Period, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 1966. 1 9 N Subramanian, Sangam Polity, Asia Publishing House, London 1966, p 249. 20 K Sivathamby, "An Analysis of the Anthropological Significance of the Economic Activities and Conduct Code Ascribed to Mullai Tinai", Proceedings of the First Inter' national Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Vol I, Kuala Lumpur 1966, pp 320-331. 21 Hans Bobek, "The Main Stages in Socio-Economic Evolution from a Geographical Point of View", Readings in Cultural Geography, Philip L Wagner, Marvin W Miskell (Eds) University of Chicago Press 1962, pp 218-247. 2 2 Warde, The Irregular Movement of History - The Marxist Law of the Combined and Uneven Development of Society, New York Publications, London 1957, pp 1-2. 28 D D Kosambi, The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1965, pp 1-6. 24 Bridget and Raymond Allchin, The Birth of Indian Civilization, Pelican Books 1968, pp 233-34. See also pp 44 and 53. 26 B Subbarao, The Personality of India, Baroda 1956, p 6. 26 Ibid.,? 55. 27 K Ramamurthi, "Some Aspects of the Regional Geography of Tamil Nad", Indian Geographical Journal, Madras, Vol XXII, No. 2 ff. For the influence of geography on the history of Tamilnad, see opening section of K A N Sastri, The History of Culture of the Tamils, Calcutta 1964, pp 1-3. 28 U V Caminata lyer (Ed.) Cilappatikaram—^ith Atiyarukunallar's commentary, (7th edn'), Madras 1960, p 302. 29 Tolkappiyam, Ilampuranam, p 10. 80 Kanccariyar (Ed.) Tolkappiyam-Porulatikaram-Naccinarkkiniyam op.cit., p 61. 81 UV Caminata lyer, Pattupattu with Neccinarkiniyar's commentary, (6th edn.), Madras 1961, p 225. 82 As for the necessity of the author of Maturaikanci to speak of'nanilam* first and then ^intinai^, see later. 88 Tolkappiyam-Porulatikaram (Nac). pp 58-9. 84 K Sivathamby, op.cit. 96 For a detailed analysis of the date of the Cilapatikaram, sec K Sivathamby, Drama in Ancient Tamil Society, Thesis (unpublished) for the degree of Ph D at the University of Birmingham, 1970, pp 108-119. 8< Tolkappiyam-Porulatikaram (Nac), p61 -do- -do- (Ilampuram) pp 20-1 87 Turai Arankacamy, Cankakalac Cirappup Peyarkal, Paari Nilayam, Madras 1960, pp 202-341. 88 TV Mahalingam, The South Indian Polity, University of Madras 1955, p 11.