DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN AGRICULTURE 3l 10 Unpublished paper, "Distribution of the Marketable Surplus of Agricultural Produce by size-classes of Holdiegs in India, 1960-61." 41 This is interesting because the 1960-61 estimates were nnds min^ th.3 same concepts, methods and sources of data as Dr Narain's pioneering work. The explanation foi the divergent results at the two points of time is not, in fact, any structural change over the decade, but the shaky statistics available to Dr Narain ten years ago, which led to some easily-traced biases in spite of his careful method of building up the estimates. In particular," two sources of bias may be pointed out: data on the variation of output per acre by holding size was available to Dr Narain from the Studies in Economics of Farm Management for one year only, 1953-54 : in that year yields on small holdings relative to large were returned as very high. I was able to use the average of three years data, which gives a more accurate idea of variation. Secondly the consumption data yielded by the first rounds of the N S S and used by Dr Narain, were gross over estimates (see P V Sukhatma, 'Feeding India's Growing Million", pp. 15-18, for a critique of earlier NSS Rounds). In revising production figures upwards to make them consistent with the inflated consumption figures, the share of the smaller size-groups in output was revised upwards without a corresponding upward revision of their retentions, thus inflating their contribution to the marketable surplus. 42 See "Implementation of Land Reforms". Planning Commission, Government of India. 43 F Khamsi, "Land Reform in Iran", Monthly Review, Vol 21, No 2 June 1969. 44 Implementation of Land Reform", op. cit. 45 The evaluation reports were sponsored by the Research Programmes Committee of the Planning Commission (a) B Singh and S Mitra, "Land Reforms in Uttar Pradesh," esp. pp 123-136, 155, 160., (b) Dool Singh, "Land Reforms in Rajasthan", pp 96, 98, 120-121, 170, 372, 375., (c) K R Nanekar, "Land Reforms in Vidarbha/9 pp 174-176, 135-137, 216-221., (d) G Parthasarathy and B Prasada Rao, ^Implementation of Land Reforms in Andhra Pradesh", pp 188-194, 329-333. 4B According to the N S S Report in Landholding for 1953-54, 39.6% of all leased-in area was with operators of holdings above 20 acres in size. 47 V S Vyas. "Tenancy in a Dynamic Setting". E P W, Vol V, No 26, (Review of Agriculture) 48 D Naram and P CJoshi, "Magnitude of Tenancy". E P W, Vol IV, No 39, (Review of Agriculture.)