138 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 23. ibid., p. 433. 24. Arguments on similar lines were put forward by Memorandum submitted by Rev Kenneth Kennedy, The Bishop of Chota Nagpur and Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of India, Burma and Ceylon, ibid., p. 434. 25. Memorandum submitted by the Chota Nagpur Improvement Society', Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, vol. XVI, Selections from the Memoranda and Oral Evidence by Non-Officials Part 1, London, 1930, p. 435. 26. Chotanagpur Improvement society was the direct descendent of the Dacca Students Union formed by Joel Lakra and others in 1910 which was the first socio-political organisation in the region. ^,. Memorandum submitted by the Chota Nagpur Improvement Society', op.cit., p. 436. 28. ibid. 29. ibid., p. 455. 30. Secretary in The External Affairs Department, Government of India 31. 'Minutes of First Day of First Governors' Conference', 15 April 1947, L/PO/ 6/123:ff 372-4.381-92, reproduced in Mansergh, Nicholas, ed., Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942-47, Vol. X, London, 1981, p. 252. Cabinet Mission had mentioned the Excluded Areas and Partially Excluded Areas as being of particular importance for the Constituent Assembly, Statement of the Cabinet Mission, May 16 1946, para 19(iv). 33. Originally, three such Sub-Committees were appointed. One of them was entrusted with the task of considering the tribal areas in the North-west Frontier Province and Baluchistan. After partition, therefore, only two Sub-Committees functioned Chaired by A. V. Thakkar and G. N. Bardoloi. 34. Enclosure in Joint Report of the Excluded and the Partially Excluded Areas (other than Assam) and the Northeast Frontier (Assam) Tribal and Excluded Areas Sub-Committees, 25 August 1947, New Delhi, 1949, para 2. 35. Interim Report of the Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than Assam) Sub-Committee, New Delhi, 1949, para 4. 36. ibid., para 5. 37. ibid. 38. ibid., Appendix D, Minute of Dissent by Jaipal Singh, 19 August 1947. 39. Final Report of the Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than Assam) Sub-Committee, September 1947, New Delhi, para 2. 40. The Sub-Committee on the Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than Assam) made some more similar observations that showed that it was not only heavily dependent on the colonial discourse but also had an inadequate understanding of the actual needs (as different from the felt needs) of the areas concerned. It recommended that shifting cultivation "should be eliminated as soon as possible" (Interim Report, op. cit., para 23) without taking into account whether an alternate strategy was valid for such areas. It seems that the members found it difficult to create new frames of reference for the tribal population. The only new additions were the emphases on the unity of India, democratisation and universal franchise. The emphasis on these areas owes its origin to the material realm of the colonial discourse that the nationalists had enthusiastically adopted. 41. Joint Report, op. cit., para 1.