SOCIAL SCIENTIST 44. Some of these from the Kurma Purana are quoted by R.P. Chanda, Indo-Aryan Races, pt.I, Rajshahi, 1916, p.100. 45. Friedhelm Hardy, Viraha-bhakti. The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India, OUP, Delhi, 1983, p.25f. Also see my discussion The Doctrine of Bhakti' in Origin and Development of Vaisnavism, pp.116-23. 46. A.L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, Fontana and Rupa and Co., Calcutta, 1971, p.332. 47. The Mahatmya of the Bhagavata Purana gives both the sacred geography and the chronology of the Vaisnava bhakti movement. It speaks of bhakti as a woman who was born in the Dravida country, grew up in Karnataka, was seen here and there in Maharashtra but became old when it reached Gujarat. It was however, rejuvinated and became young again on reaching Vrindavana, Bhagavata Mahatmya I. 48-50 in the Bhagavata Purana, Gita Press, Gorakhpur, Samvat 2027. 48. I have confined my study to Vaisnava saints only although I am sure that an analysis of the Saiva bhakti poetry of the Nayanars would very likely yield similar results. 49. Op.Cit., p.227f; 478. 50. A.K. Ramanujan and Norman Cutler, "From Classicism to Bhakti" in Essays on Gupta Culture, edited by Bardwell, L. Smith, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1983,p.l92. 51. F. Hardy, Op.Cit., p.130. 52. Ibid.,p.581. 53. Suvira Jaiswal, Caste, pp.7-8. 54. Kamil Zvelebil, The Smile ofMurugan: On Tamil Literature of South India, Leiden, EJ. Brill, 1973, pp.15-16. 55a. Zvelebil shows a direct connection between the akam poetry and the poetry of the bhakti saints. Ibid., p.198. 55b. "I seek refuge in none but Dasarath's son," Tiruvayamoli, III. 6.8; S. Satyamurthi Ayyangar, Tiruvayamoli, vol.1, p.253, Ananntacharya Indological Research Institute, Bombay, 1981. For a brilliant demolition of the thesis of Sheldon Pollock, who regards the rise of the cultic worship of Rama incarnation as 'Hindu' response to Muslim presence in the north 'Ramayana and Political Imagination in India,' The Journal of Asian Studies, Vok53, No.2 (1993), pp.261-297, see B.D. Chattopadhyaya, Representing the Other? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims, Eighth to Fourteenth Century, Manohar, Delhi, 1998, pp.98-115. 56. Ibid.,pp.l95-197. 57. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India (3rd edition, Madras, 1966), pp.368; 423. 58. Ibid., p.144; quoted by Hardy, Op.Cit., p.123. 59. F. Hardy, Op.Cit., pp.477-478. 60. R. Champakalakshmi, 'From Devotion and Dissent to Dominance: The Bhakti of the Tamil Alvars and Nayavars' in Tradition, Dissent and Ideology edited by S. Gopal and R. Champakalakshmi, OUP, Delhi, p.146. 61. Suvira Jaiswal, Caste, pp.61-64. 62. Suvira Jaiswal, 'Studies in *he Social Structure of the Early Tamils', in Indian Society: Historical Probings, in memory of D.D. Kosambi, edited by R.S. Sharma and V. Jha, People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1974, p.141. 63. Suvira Jaiswal, Caste, pp.17-18, 29, 93; 67-70.