22 SOCIAL SCIENTIST Mao Tse-tung, in • 'On Contradiction", Selected Writings, National Book Agency, Calcutta 1967) has rendered Beteille incapable of seeing any fundamental or qualitative difference between, say, the American and Chinese societies. Sociology, observes Beteille, "recognizes no privileged exceptions." But that precisely is the Marxist complaint against sociology—that it makes no distinction between a bourgeois and a socialist society: and Beteille's above observation itself reveals the sharp cleavage between Marxism and sociology. 86 Martin Nicolaus, "Sociology Liberation Movement", in Trevor Pateman (Ed.), Counter Course: A Handbook/or Course Criticism, Penguin Books, 1972, p 41. 86 Frances R Alien, Socio-Cultural Dynamics: An Introduction to Social Change, The Mac-millian Co., 1971, pp 160-161. 87 For some interesting observations on 'project' research, see Andre Beteille, *'Thc Problem", Seminar 157, September 1972, p 14. "• A meeting of some leftist and liberal sociologists was held during the IX All India Sociological Conference at Delhi in 1969. And it was perhaps as a result of the pressure of this radical caucus that the X All India Sociological Conference at Hyderabad in 1970 had a separate panel on the '^Sociology of Socialist Revolution". But the whole discussion of the issue, I am told, was done on typically liberal-reformist bourgeois line of the government. 99 Ashis Nandy, ''Conspiracy of Incompetence", Seminar 157, September 1972. 40 J P Naik, ^National Social Science Research Policy" (mimeorgraphed), 1972. 41 Kurt H Wolff, "Toward Radicalism in Sociology and Every Day'-", in George Psathas {Ed.),op.cit., p51. 42 See, for example, A K Saran, "The Marxist Theory of Social Change^', in Inquiry Oslo, Vol 6, Spring 1963. Saran is however equally opposed to the current (positivist-empiricist-behaviourist) concept of social science: A 'traditionalist-" (whatever it means), he wants the social science to be "based completely on First Principles of Traditional Wisdom" (whatever that means). See A K Saran, °The Concept of Social Science5, in Keshav Dev Sharma (Ed.), Basic Issues in Social Sciences, The Academic Journals of India, 1968. Incidentally, Radhakamal Mukerjee also rejects Marxism—its materialism and class struggle, to be precise—and the behaviouristic concept of the social science, but seeks to synthesize the modern Western scientific outlook and the traditional philosophical-metaphysical world-view; in contrast, D P Mukerji broadly accepts Marxism but also stresses the factors of Indian (Hindu) personality and culture and traditions in the study and engineering of social change in India. The most forthright Marxist sociologist is A R Desai. For A K Saran's overview of sociology in India, see Joseph S Roucek (Ed.), Contemporary Sociology, Philosophical Library Inc., 1958, pp 1013-1034. 48 Alvin W Gouldner, The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, p 13. The crisis, it must be noted, is not "coming" but has only been deepened in recent times. 44 For example, Alfred McClung Lee, Toward Humanist Sociology, Prentice-Hall 1973, and of course, Karl Mannheim, Freedom, Power and Democratic Planning, Routledgc & Kegan Paul, 1950. See also Gordon Ratray Taylor, Rethink : A Paraprimitive Solution, Seeker & Warburg, 1972, Florian Znaniecki, On Humanistic Sociology, Robert Bierstcdt (Ed.), University ofCliicago Press, and Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death, The Free Press, 1973. 46 R D Laing, op.cit., p 14.