SOCIAL SCIENTIST complement the popular opposition to the Raj directly, the rural poors' formidable armed resistance to the economic and social extortions of the Jagirdars, Deshmukhs, money-lenders and affluent peasant proprietors in Telengana, and the Jotedars, landlords, mahajans and rich peasants in Bengal, more specifically in the Sundarbans, was outstanding in the annals of anti-feudalism, both for the manner it came into play, and for the purpose it was so resolutely employed. The communist political activists' sustained campaign and unqualified concern for the kisan causes won the kisan ranks in Telengana and the Sundarbans over to their side, exposed the feudal system that exploited and oppressed the kisan masses, and readied a considerable section of them to fight feudalism to the finish. The fight started originally with the peasant protestations in Telengana against the feudal extractions like Vetti (forced labours) and Vettichakiri (forced services), as well as the landlords' grabbing of the kisan lands and with the kisan remonstrances in the Sundarbans over the division of crops between the landlord and the sharecropper, and against evictions and exactions of begar (unpaid labours) and irregular levies. The manner the protestations and remonstrances in Telengana and the Sundarbans turned into outbreaks of counter-physical force—in the face of the imperio-feudal combines unbridled use of coercive power—and the style of autonomous initiatives that the kisan fighters demonstrated in both these armed struggles, were remarkably similar, though the former had evidently been wider in scale and higher in intensity than the latter. The kisans had to take arms in defence either of the lands from which they had forcefully been evicted, or of the crop-shares which had forcibly been taken away from them. From the defence of their lands and crops, they quickly graduated to the next higher stage, namely to an all-out offensive against landlordism through the seizure of landlords' lands, and to their restoration to the rightful owners, or distribution among the landless. Such advanced steps towards an agrarian revolution (the destruction of the landlord system and the giving away of land to the tillers) were perhaps symptomatic of most of the rural poor's readiness for dealing a devastating blow on the feudal foundation of colonialism in India. It was like the ripeness of a few mangoes indicating the ripened state of most of the mangoes in a grove, and had the ideologues and organisers of the kisan movement read the pulse of the peasant masses correctly, and devised a suitable strategy, they might have gone for the daunting task of performing an orchestratic anti-feudal