44 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
4 Alfred Guillaume, Islam, p 3.
5 Phillip K Hitti, op.cit,, p 64.
6 Ibid.
7 R A Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, p 63.
8 Marx and Engels on Religion, Schocken Books, New York, p 124-25.
9 Joel Carmichael, op.cit., p 21.
10 Engels to Marx in Marx and Engels on Religion, p 119-120.
11 H A R Gibb, Mohammed, p 17.
12 The Muqaddimah, Ibn-Khaldun, English translation by Franz Rosenthal, edited and
abridged by NJ Dawood, p 118-19.
1 8 Herodotus, Book III, ch8.
14 Hamasa, p 122.
15 R A Nicholson, op. cit., p 83.
16 W Montgomery Watt, Mohammed at Mecca, Oxford University Press, p 3.
17 H A R Gibb, Mohammedanism, p 17.
18 The Koran, translated by N J Dawood, The Imrans, p 412.
19 Ibid., p 406.
20 W Montgomery Watt, op. cit., p 19.
21 Ibid., p 19.
32 Ibid., p 24.
28 Shabab al-Qiiraysh, Cairo 1947.
24 The Koran, Alms, p 18.
25 Ibid., p 28.
28 H A R Gibb, op. cit., p 18.
27 Yaqubi, (Vol II p 49) designates the Arabian tribes from which they descended.
S8 "Bruno Bauer and Early Christianity,^ Marx and Engels on Religion, p 197.
29 D S Richards (Ed.) Islam and Trade of Asia, Faber and Faber, London 1970, p 4.
80 Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, Vol I p 174; Abridgment of Volumes I-VI by
D C Somervell.
81 Ibid.,? 175.
82 Joel Carmichael, op. cit., p 64-65.
88 Alfred Guillaume, op. cit., p 16.
84 Ibid.,? 17.
85 Baladhuri, p 137 1.13 Hitti, p 211.
80 Philip K Hitti, op. cit., p 153.
87 Rcuben Levy, Social Structure^ Islam, p 23-24.
88 The Muqaddimah, Ibn'Khaldun, op.cit., p 163.
89 Maxim Rodinson, op.cit., p 150.
40 Philip K Hitti, op.cit., p 215.