52 SOCIAL SCIENTIST but extends to both university authorities and political leaders of the state. As a result, the professional student leaders are the most pampered or denounced section of the student leadership. Thirdly, it is these professional student leaders who are more likely than others to make politics their career after leaving the university. It is, however, interesting to note that most aspirants to the student union offices openly denounce each other as "professional" leaders. This is evidently done because the general mass of the students is thought to disfavour professionalism in their leadership though, interestingly again, every contestant in the union elections fully advertises his past leadership record, and the union offices are usually captured by the professional leaders. It seems that the effectiveness of the professional student leaders referred to by Shils lies in being a professional without getting so branded by the student community. 1 These comprised all the past (but still on the rolls) and present office-bearers of (1) the Lucknow University Student Union, associated colleges' student unions, and hostel unions and (2) such office-bearers of different political parties" student wings who were on the rolls but did not fall in the first category. Further, the data were collected during two academic sessions of 1968-69 and 1969-70 through personal interviews with student leaders (and their parents and guardians wherever possible) with the help of a duly pre-tested interview scheduled on the one hand, and the relevant official records on the other. 2 P G Altbach (Ed.), The Student Revolt: A Global Analysis, Bombay 1970, p 116. John Searle calls it "the search for the sacred" stressing that the young specially "have a need to believe in something and to act on behalf of something they regard as larger than themselves ... goals that they can regard as somehow transcending their own immediate needs and desires ...". The Campus War, Penguin Books, 1972, p 14. » Calculated from Table 6.10 in Education in India, (1964-1965), Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India, 1970, Vol I, p 199, taking figures of 18 plus age groups alone into consideration as it is around the age of 17 that a student enters the university. 4 In Donald K Emmerson (Ed.), Students and Politics in Developing Nations, London 1968,p 393. e For example, Chanchal Sarkar, The Unquiet Campus, New Delhi 1960; Salig Harrison, The Most Dangewus Decades, Madras 1960; A D Ross, Student Unrest in India, London 1969; Joseph E Di Bona, Change and Conflict in the Indian University, Duke University Monograph No 7, 1969. 6 Shanti Swarup, "Student Unrest in India'-*, in Bernard Crick and William A Robson, Protest and Dissent, Pelican Books, 1970, p 160. 7 Robert P Myhr, in Donald K Emmerson (Ed.), Students and Politics in Developing Nations, op.cit., p 261. 8 Seymour Martin Lipset, ^'University Students and Politics in Underdeveloped Countries", in Lipset (Ed.) Student Politics, New York, 1967, p 24. 8 In Donald K Emmerson (Ed.), op. cit., p 392. ^ J^W.,p 392. 11 In fact there was an influx of "old and tried" student leaders, attached in about equal numbers to the two main political rivals, namely the Jan Sangh's Vidyarthi