N RAM Studies in the Development of Indian Capitalism THE THEORETICAL positions examined in this article must be recognized as manoeuvres (in left and pseudo-academic uniform) against the science of Marxism-Leninism and against the working-class movement in India. These manoeuvres cannot be defended on the grourd of the ^good intentions^ of the authors, or the Special meaning' of their words. We have relied on no less an objective scientist than Lenin in concluding that "at best 'good' intentions arc the subjective affair of Tom, Dick or Harry, while the social significance of such statements is definite and indisputable and no reservation or explanation can diminish it."1 It must be noted at the outset that while these specific 'theoretical' monoeuvres and devices are confined to a narrow and tiny sect, their ideological and social tendency is immediately seized upon by the 'New Lefts', the 'creative Marxists', the ultra-clefts', the 'left' Keynesians anH, of course, the Congress regime to serve their purposes. One cannot refrain from touching on another circumstance, which has no direct bearing on the work of these academics but is vital to an understanding of the relation between their theory and practice. It is their practical attitude to the working class and democratic movement in India.8 In the general circumstances of the ideological, political and class