INDIAN CAPITALISM 1^ social and economic system began earlier than 1857. For a perceptive analysis of the role of the bourgeoisie in India at different phases of the movement for freedom, refer to the speech cited above. 1 ° Raaade*s speech at the first Industrial Conference at Poona in 1890 may be considered ^a manifesto of the emerging bourgeoisie^', (E M S Namboodiripad, speech cited above). 11 J V Stalin, "The Political Tasks of the University of the Peoples of the East: Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Students of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, May 18, 1925", Works Vol 7, p 150, Foreign Languages Publishing House,. Moscow 1954. 12 For a discussion of the Marxist-Leninist concept of the New Democratic or Peopled Democratic revolution, see Staling speech cited above, and Mao Tse-tung, "On New Democracy," Selected Works, Vol II, Foreign Languages Press, Peking 1967. Also see the CPI (M)'s Programme, cited below, especially pp 23-49. 19 Bipan Chandra's book, cited above, p 746. 14 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 16 Ibid., p 747. 17 Ibid. i s Ibid., p 749. 19 Ibid., p /5l. 20 Ibid., p752. a» Ibid. 2 3 Ibid., It is difficult to determine whether this formulation implies the unconscious or subsconscious guidance of their thinking by interests, as opposed to thought, consequently, where a variant of neo-Freudianism ends and where Marxism* begins is not at all clear in the world outlook of Bipan Chandra. 28 Ibid. a* Ibid., 753. as For an illuminating study of how a warlord "rose above his class'^ and became a communist and-a. great leader of the, Cmnmanisfc Psaifi^ o£ Otpsiu a»A*feR; ^^^k?^ Liberation Army, see Agnes Smedly, The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu-teh, Monthly Review Press, New York 1956. An earlier and more classic example, of course, is that of Lu Hsun, a bourgeois intellectual trained in Confucian norms> immersing himself in the anti-imperialist movement of the masses and in the May Fourth Movement; blazing a revolutionary path in literature; fighting every form of obscurantism, liberalism and capitualation; and ultimately becoming a communist and an inspiration to the working-class movement. 26 This assessment by Friedrich Engcis is cited by Mohan Thampi in his useful discussion of the Marxist attitude to "World Outlook and Literary Value", Social Scientist 9, August 1972. 27 See Lenin "Leo Tolstoy as the Mirror of the Russian Revolution'-', Collected WorkSy Vol 15, and "Leo Tolstoy and His Epoch," Vol 17, cited by Mohan Thampi. 28 Lenin, Collected Works, Vol 17, p 52. 29 The question, to what extent were Dadabhai Naoroji and Gokhale or, later on., Gandhi and Nehru conscious that they represented, and spoke for, the bourgeoisie, and whether they believed subjectively that they represented the interests of all the classes. of India and spoke for the people, does not interest us very murh. We leave such questions to be settled by historians such as Bipan Chandra and to biographers, social psychologists and psychiatrists who strive to lay bare the heart, soul and psyche of these leaders. 80 Anyone who bothers to study Bipan Chandra's two papers, "The Indian Capitalist Class and Imperialism before 1947" (Paper No 2 6, presented at the International Seminar on "Imperialism, Independence and Social Transformation in the Contemporary World", March 24 to 29, 1972) and "Modern India and Imperialism'^ cited