58 SOCIAL SCIENTIST vision was not narrow. He could see every social phenomenon from a very broad angle and thus deduce from it conclusions that are vaild not for a particular age and a particular country, but for all times and all places. The behaviouralists' claim of science is thus forfeited by their extreme reliance on concepts and models, by their manipulation of facts to fit with the models and finally by their inability to sec social phenomena in their totality and in terms of history. But however narrow its field of research is, within that narrow field, behaviouralism is broad-based, comprehensive and empirical. Multi-variate Analysis Behaviouralism claims to present a multi-variate analysis in which all the variables of social life, economic, political.geographical or religious are taken into account. Nearly every behaviouralist castigates Marx for his single variable analysis or economic determinism. But this is nothing but a gross misrepresentation of Marxism. Marx never preached economic determinism; what he demanded was that in order to understand the social, cultural and ideological aspects of human behaviour, one must look at it as an integal part of the whole. Social reality is multi-dimensional in character, but there is an "inner bond of relationships" within these realities. These relationships influence one another not in equal but in unequal ways. There are thus certain fundamental relationships which under the most varying conditions of time, space and history occur repeatedly. Unessential marginal phenomena recede into the background and are replaced by general, common and increasingly abstract relationships,tendencies and regularities. This "inner bond of relationships9^ the system of production; ^work is the sort of focal point in which all other aspects of human life meet like rays of light and from which the most various processes of life and manifestations of society originate." la Behaviouralists fail to grasp this "inner bond of relationships". To them all the variables arc relatively independent of one another. They are thus at a loss in handling the social facts, though they are always busy in promulgating concepts and models. There is no wonder that in their hands very unimportant aspects of social life are emphasized, while the important ones arc ignored. Behaviouralists start on the assumption that individual is the basic unit of social life. This concentration on individual behaviour might produce two different types of results. First, they might be able to locate the main point of individual interest, namely the economic interest. Secondly, they might proceed from the individual to a more meaningful basis of classification, namely the class. Both might lead to the discovery that among all the variables, the economic one is primarily important and that the relationship among them is essentially unequal. Behaviouralism thus contains within it possibilities which, if properly utilized, will validate all the essential teachings of Marx. Marx, with