BOOK REVIEW 77 9 Anatol Rapoport has been closely associated with conflict resolution studies in the United States. Along with William Barth, Robert Hefner, Robert Angell and Kenneth Boulding he founded the Michigan University's Center for Research on Conflict Resolution in 1956. Ao Rapoport, Conflict in Man-made Environment, p 94: "The pessimism of our age stems from the conviction that man, either because of inherent inadequacy of his nature or because of the environment he created for himself, has only a grim future (if any) to look forward to. The two presumed sources of man's plight are of course interrelated. Man may have created the environment in which he finds himself because he is what he is. But he might have become what he seems to be because of the environment he created. If so, then the view that man has attained freedom fromthe tyranny of nature by shaping his environment to suit his needs must be critically reexamined." 2! For a case study ofintra- state conflict see K P Misra, "Intra-statc Imperialism", Jou" rnal of Peace Research, \ (1972) pp 27-39. 1 2 See Mack and Richard C Snyder, "The Analysis of Social Conflict—Toward an Overview and Synthesis*-* Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol i 2( 1957)pp 212-48. Also see Jessie Bernard, "Some Conceptualizations in the Field of Current Conflict", American Journal a/Sociology, vol 70, 4 (1965) pp 442-54. Also see Clinton F Fink, "Some Conceptual Difficulties in the Theory of Social Conflict", Journal of Conflict Resolution, volxii (1968) pp 412-460. 18 76iW.,p416. 14 Rapoport, Conflict in Man-made Environment, p 243: "The practical impossibility of changing the perceptions of those in whom the power to make such change is concentrated, The impossibility stems from the very condition of entrenched power maintained by the symbolic environment—the source of legitimacy of the existing power institutions. Historically, long established legitimacy of power structures dissolved when the symbolic environment changed so that it could no longer nurture their legitimacy." 16 E Krippendorff, "Chile, Violence and Peace Research", Journal of Peace Research, vol xi2 (1974) pp 95-104. 16 Bernice A Carroll, "Peace Research: The Cult of Power'^, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol xvi C1972). 17 Carroll, op. cit., p 600. "Putting aside the commitment to Marxist-Leninst analysis which Boulding attributes to the radical school, but which in fact characterizes only one wing of the radical spectrum in peace research, we need to consider very seriously the possibility that the radicals are right: that peace research even negative peace, is not possible in the prevailing nation-state system of international relations and that a commitment to peace requires a commitment to revolutionary social change'^. 1B Ibid. 19 Also see A Rapoport, "Is Peace Research Applicable?^, Journal of Conflict Resolution, volxiv (1970) pp 277-286. 2 ° Journal of Peace Research, vol xi 4 (1974). 21 See Heilbroner, op.dt. aa William Kckhardt, "A Conformity Theory of Aggression", Journal of Peace Research, volxi4 (1974) pp 31-39. a8 Ibid., p 35. "The willingness to obey apparently legitimate orders not only contributes to behavioural violence, as evidenced by the Nuremburg Trials, the Eichman Trial, the Galley Trial, tha Pentagon Papers, and the Watergate Hearings, but this attitude of conformity probably contributes even more to structural violence as this concept has been denned in terms of social injustice by Galtung (1969)...Conformity to the status quo contributes effectively and silently to the maintenance of this unjust state of affairs, which kills innocent people as surely as any war or revolution, indeed more so5'.