78 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 2 A Ibid., p 37 : "We need more democratic participation in all of our social institutions-and equal justice for all (in face, and not merely in law or theory) if we want to reduce the violence occasioned by authoritarian, conformist, conservative, and conventional attitudes which prevail in our culture today. Social institutions as well as individual attitudes need to be changed if we are to rid the the world of the scourge of war, since social conformity as well as personal aggression contributes to militarism and war. Consequently, it is not sufficient to reduce aggressive attitudes in order to make peace. In addition, social institutions which foster an atmosphere of conformity, social institutons which are bureaucratically or hierarchically structured and social institutions which prevent democratic participation in decision-making processes need to be changed in the direction of democracy, equality, and justice, in order to achieve world peace that is authentic and enduring. As long as social institutions participate in structural violence, individuals can only de encouraged to be nonconformist, to break unjust laws, to disobey immoral orders, and to break antisocial contracts. 25 Fink, op.cit., p 413. In support of a generalist approach to the study of conflict he maintains that: "value of a general theory lies in its ability to provide greater understanding of each particular kind of conflict than can be provided by the relevant special theory, and consequently to provide a better account of the entire domain of conflict phenomena than could be provided by the total set of special theories " 36 Gohan Galtung is known for his structural theories of aggression (1964), of violence ("Violence, Peace and Peace Research/ '1959) and of "Imperialism" (1971) all published in the Journal of Peace Research. In these and other works he develops the concept ofverticality (dominance, exploitation and inequality etc.) and views the vertical relations (rank-disequilibrium) as the root cause of social conflict. Galtung does not want to wait until imperialist structures are broken down by some automatic processes. He wants theory to help in breaking down these structures. See particularly his short article "A Rejoinder^' in Journal of Peace Research, vol 9 (1972) p 88. a7 Ekkchart Krippendorf, a leading German peace researcher defines the concept of critical social science: "science as the intellectual instrument for overcoming all forms of hierarchical societal status quos which preserve inequalities; science as oriented toward rational enlightenment about existing relationships toward emancipation from all forms of indigenous dependency, toward the creation of more and more advanced forms of equality.*' "Industrial Revolution, Peace and Peace Research,'^ Journal of Peace Research, 1972, p 186.