NOTE 65 where such individuals or groups are not of immediate danger to those in power and do not employ violent tactics; iv) elimination of persons or groups considered undesirable.8 e To sum up, establishment violence is an activity that ^flows from the dominant socio-economic groups of the society through various instrumentalities like state.»government, ruling elite, and political parties. Violence which is usually identified as mass violence represents counter-violence. From this follows that both these types of violence constitute political violence. It is the by-product of interaction between dominant socio-economic groups having a monopoly of control over the political apparatus of the society and the subsequent exploitation of the underprivileged and alienated masses. Thus it follows that politics,, formal power structures and violence are closely related to each other and represent the fundamental instruments in the hands of dominant socio-economic groups. GOPAL SINGH ' Hannah Arendt, On Violence, Harcourt, Bruce and World Inc, New York 1960, p 8. 2 Pitirim Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics: Fluctuations of Social Relations, War and revolutions, American Book Co, New York 1937, vol III, pp 409-75. 8 Based on data for 114 politics in Ted Robert Gurr, "A Comparative Study of Civil Strife^', in Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr (eds.), Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, Washington D C 1969. 4 Quoted in Hannah Arendt, op cit., p 9. 8 George Sorcl, Reflections on Violence, Peter Smith, New York 1941, p 60, 6 Amos H Hawley, ^Community, Power and Urban Renewal Success", American Journal of Sociology, vol 68, January 1963» pp 422-3». 7 Talcott Parsons, "On the Concept of Political Power^', in Rodcric Bell, David V Edwards and R Harrison Wagner (eds.). Political Power: A Reader in Theory and Research, The Free Press, New York 1969, p 251. 8 Russell for example defines power as ^capacity to produce intended efforts ... A has more power than B if A achieves many intended effects and B only few/' (Power, Norton, New York 1938, p 25). Robert A Dahl says: "Mv intuitive idea of power is something like this—\ has power over B to the extent he can get B to do something B would not otherwise do." ("Concept of Power^, Behavioural Science, vol 2, 1957, pp 201-15). 9 Peter H Odegard, Political Power and Social Change, Rutgers University Press, I\ew Jersey 1956, p 76. * ° Hannah Arendt, op rif., p 43. ' * Jbid., p 45. 12 Robert A Dahl, Modern Political Analysis, Prentice-Hall, 1563, Englcwood Cliff, N J p33. ' 8 Gopal Sin^h, "Politics and Violence", M Phil dissertation submitted to, and approved by, the JNU, New Delhi 1972, pp 9-10. 14 Ibid.,? 10 10 Marivin Olsen (ed.). Power in Societies, Macmillan Co., London 1970, pp 9-^. * e ^ his view of Marx about power is based on several sources including T B Botiomore and M Rubel, KarlMarx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, C A Watts & Co Ltd., London 1956); Ralph Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, Standford University Press, Stanford, Calif 1659; C Wright Mills, The