68 SOCIAL SCIENTIST all social practices savouring of non-Muslim origin; and the Muslim League politics since 1906, culminating in the "Two-nation Theory9. The sense of community of Muslims is fortified by the converse ""psychological make-up" promoted by Hindu chauvinism treating Muslims as aliens, denying them any role in the cultural past of India, and propagating the theory of ""Indianization.55 The perspective for the Muslim community under People's Democracy is surely that it would gradually dissolve into its national segment each with its own specific place in the culture of the nationality to which it belongs. In the Hindi regions, it is possible that an Urdu-speaking sub-nationality (mainly Muslim) would emerge. The perspective cannot be confused with what is happening now. The present situation is that Muslim masses throughout India have a sense of belonging to a single community. Their grievances as such are not local, but general. The cause of Urdu attracts even those who cannot speak it, and riots in one state cause alarm throughout ihe country. Major Grievances The major grievances of the Muslims, if chronicled, are somewhat as follows: 1 Muslims are economically backward, compared to other sections of the community, because (a) the number of Muslim industrialists is negligible, and there are none in the front ranks—a typically petty-bourgeois complaint, but a significant index in a capitalist-landlord regime all the same; (b) the abolition of zamindari and intermediary tenures in Uttar Pradesh and some other states has more adversely affected Muslims, large numbers of whom were retainers and dependants of Muslim zamindars, who in turn constituted a far larger proportion of their class than warranted by the Muslim share of total population; (c) Muslims being a heavily urban community, accounted for a very large section of artisans such as weavers and metalworkers and these strata have continuously suffered under the de-industrialization of colonial India, and then under the present regime when craft unemployment has grown enormously; and (d) Muslims are discriminated against in matters like the grant of licences and permits. It must, however, be noted that while Muslim masses are exceptionally hard pressed, the Muslims are not a totally "depressed5 community. There are large numbers of Muslim landlords and semi-capitalistic farmers (beneficiaries of the Green Revolution), merchants and upto-medium-scale industrialists, who dominate the Muslim community politically as the bulwark of reactionary forces within it, and often serve as agents of the Congress and other bourgeois-landlord parties. 2 Muslims are educationally backward. Figures such as the number of Muslim candidates successful in higher secondary examinations or the number of Muslim pupils in comparison to the tptal are often cited, on the b^-sis of different surveys. The fact that there are