^4 SOCIAL SCIENTIST set at rather high levels") which act as barriers to intra-regional trade. Furthermore many countries in this region follow protectionist (by providing import tariff, subsidies or quotas and often quantitative restrictions) and import-substitution policies (because of programmes aimed at greater self-sufficiency) as a result of which not only are barriers to intra-regional trade reinforced but ^the entire economy is thus converted into a high-cost economy, so that exports not only of manufactured goods but also of traditional products are adversely affected." We are subsequently provided with a list of production constraints in intra-regional trade. These include scarcity of development resources, trained manpower, increase in the domestic demand of export items, financial constraints, lack of intra-regional transport facilities, economic information and the like. The main point is that due to historical reasons there is a lack of ^regionalism" in the Asian and south-east Asian countries. ^Whiie historic apathy influenced the trade policies even in learned circles it was (and is) often assumed that there is 'nothing to trade' with other regional member countries and hence little effort is made to explore the possible economic co-operation opportunities." The next chapter examines the successes and failures of the already established regional institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Asian Institute of Economic Development and Planning, Asian Industrial Development Council, Asian Trade Expansion and Monetary Cooperation and also the sub-regional associations such as the Colombo Plan, Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC), and Asian Reserve Bank. The main conclusion that emerges is that ^regional cooperation has so far proven most successful where it has been limited to projects involving technical developments with a minimum of economic policy implication ...but rarely and unfortunately in implementation of projects involving important regional economic policy matters.5^ Integration of What and for Whom? The final chapter discusses the prospects of economic cooperation in the ESCAP region. The central theme of the argument is that the widening of the market brought about by the freeing of tariff and quota restrictions on trade within the region (these barriers, it is argued, should not be immediately abolished but only in a phased manner) permits higher levels of regional output at lower real production costs. Perhaps the most prominent feature of SindhwanFs study is the complete absence of a comprehensive approach to analysis of the driving-forces of the integration process. His work does not examine the whole range of causes and stimuli of economic integration in all their complex variety, interdependence and contradictoriness, but only some of them, the economic or the political, the social or the technical and industrial. There is no attempt at distinguishing between the main types of integration process—the socialist, the capitalist and that of the developing