80 SOCIAL SCIENTIST China, Economic Growth and Outlook, Allied Publishers, Bombay 1967; Sidney Klein, "Recent Economic Experiences in India and Communist China, Another Interpretation", American Economic Review, May 1965; W Malenbaum: "India and China: Contrasts in Development Performance," American Economic Review^: 3, June 1959. 5 China: Net foodgrain imports calculated on the basis of data obtained from gross imports in People's Republic of China: Handbook of Economic Indicators, Central Intelligence Agency, August 1976, Washington D C, p33. Exports: Agricultural Trade of the Peopled Republic of China 1935-69, U S Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Ecanomic Report no. 83, Washington D C 1972, p 33; The Agricultural Situation in the People's Republic of China, 1975, USDA, Foreign Agricultural Economic Report no 124, Washington DC, p 40. Alternative figures come from Alva Lewis Erisman, "China: Agriculture in the 1970s,^ A Reassessment of the Economy, Joint Economic Committee, Washington DC 1975, pp 343-345. India: John Mellor, The New Economics of Growth, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1976, p 299. 6 Ma Feng-hwa: "Why China Imports Wheat," China Quarterly 45, January- March, 1971. 7 "How Chincbe People Control Rivers (III)", "NCNA, Peking, 1 November 1974. 8 "Sharp Rise of Farm Machinery", Peking Review 6, 7 February 1975, p 23. 9 Chen Yung-kuei, "Report at the Second National Conference on Learning from Tachai in Agriculture," Peking Review 2, 7 January 1977, p 14. 10 Detailed information on these plants is available in Hans Heymann,Jr., "Acquisition and Diffusion of Technology in China", China: A Reassessment of the Economy, U S Congress Joint Economic Committee, Washington DC 1975, pp 726-27; Jon Sigurdson, "Rural Industrialization in China," in the same volume, 11 Computed from Cheng Chu-yuan, Scientific and Engineering Manpower in Communist China, 1949-1963, Government Printing Office, Washington DC 1965, pp 57, 78, 223, 236; and Leo Orleans, Professional Manpower and Education in Communist China, Government Printing Office, Washington DC 1961, pp 128-29. 12 Plant Sciences in the Peopled Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC 1975. See also Benedict Stavis, Making Green Revolution, Cornell Rural Development Committee, Ithaca 1974, pp 26-40. 18 "Science for The People, China" Science Walks on Two Legs, Avon, New York 1974, pp 127-28. 14 These types of research are reviewed in detail in a forthcoming article I am doing on the agricultural research and extension system in China. r> "Ministry of Education Article on ^GangofFour5 Sabotage of Basic Theoretical Research in Natural Sciences," NCNA Peking, 30 January 1977. 16 Benedict Stavis, Making Green Revolution, op cit. pp 54-60. 17 Dwight Perkins (ed.) Rural Small-scale Industry in the People's Republic of China, 1976. 18 Randolph Barker, "The Evolutionary Nature of the New Rice Technology", Food Research Institute Studies in Agricultural Economics, Trade, and Development, vol X, no. 2, Stanford 1971, p 118. 19 I am grateful to Professor John Mellor for pointing this out to me. 20 The diffusion of scientific values is described by Silas H L Wu, "The Changing Peasant Mentality in China, Some Personal Reflections after 27 Years," Understanding China Newsletter X: 6, November-December 1974, pp 6, 8. 21 Some of the problems were aggravated by the tendency of administrative boundaries for the communes and sub-units to disregard the realities of social organization when the communes were first established. After 1961, administrative boundaries were substantially redrawn to reflect traditional marketing patterns and social organization. I discuss this in my monograph People's Communes and Rura Development in China, pp 46-48. The analysis is based on the work of William Skinner.