136 SOCIAL SCIENTIST help us pool the wisdom of the masses., sum up experience and take into consideration the diverse conditions in various localities. We shall be able to improve and enrich the content of the programme and make it more suitable to the actual conditions in various places after it is discussed for some time and revised.6 In urban schools, workers5 teams were called in to assist teachers to make courses relevant to the needs of industry. Part-work part-study schools were made general. In some cases the pupils worked in a neighbouring factory, but more often they set up workshops of their own. The output was designed to make a serious contribution to industry. Stress was laid on physical culture and sports (ancient and modern) and there was a great cultivation of amateur music and drama. Medical education was reorganized and made more practical. Medical missions to train barefoot doctors were sent into the remotest rural areas, and the health service (including family planning) was expanded and strengthened. School-leavers are obliged to work for at least two years on a farm or in a factory before they are eligible to apply for further education. The universities are required to recruit their pupils from workers, peasants or the Liberation Army. Graduates are usually directed to return to their original place of work in the first instance. Many foreign teachers speak highly of the dedication and broad mindedness of these students, but some old professors complain that academic standards are falling. Leading Directive Many problems are still being discussed and experiments tried. The defeat of the ultra-4eft' opens the way for some rightward drift (for instance, making it easier for intellectuals to get their children into college) but it would evidently be dangerous for the new government to go far in ^reversing the correct verdicts" of the Cultural Revolution. The most important element of education in China is not in the schools but in the formation of socialist morality. The Thought of Mao brought both Marxism and the scientific revolution of the European Enlightenment to China in a Chinese form which could be accepted as something of their own, not a foreign imposition. Mao's teaching has succeeded in diffusing application of scientific method in daily life — to respect facts, to set up experiments and draw conclusions from them, to learn from mistakes, to analyze problems so as to isolate the major contradiction before tackling minor ones. The Chinese habit of thought is naturally dialectical. There will never be any final answers. One divides into two. The leading directive is still: Glass war, production, scientific experiment. Class war involves an unending struggle to prevent the re-emergence of privilege. A complicated society necessarily requires a hierarchy of control. How can hierarchy be combined with genuine