82 SOCIAL SCIENTIST says., has tended to be^the technocratic manipulation of human beings." He seeks the roots of Russian despotism in the theory of substitutism which was condemned by Trotsky and Rosa Luxemburg. Substitutism means the governance of the people by a few elites as is found in Russia where positivism has been transplanted in Marxist garb. ^For the roots of the theory of substitutism lie"., he says, ^in the basic contrast between the ^objective' needs and the interests of a class...and the ^subjective5 consciousness of that class. ^ and that the protagonists of substitutism consider that the elite leadership knows better the interests of the whole class. Here it is evident that Arblaster fails to suggest how the Marxian concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat should be translated into practice or how the subjective consciousness of the working class should be kept alive. Moreover, he develops a wrong notion of scientific study of man done by Marxists because they subscribe to the view that man and nature both should be studied in the light of principles of dialectical and historical materialism which does not regard man as a dead, lifeless object which can be dissected and analyzed clinically. Work, State and Violence T B Bottomore's contribution "Socialism and the Division of Labour" is the most sympathetic, sober and balanced account of Marx's ideas on the ways of transforming the division of labour in a socialist society, the ideas which have become very much relevant today. He begins his argument in favour of ^radical reorganization of the division of labour55 by quoting Marx's views on man in a communist society where nodody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished^ in any branch he wishes, production as a whole is regulated by society, thus making it possibler for me to do one thing today, and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner in accordance with my inclination without becoming hunter, fisherman, shepherd, or critic. Bottomore avers that Marx envisioned the possibility of fulfilling ^the universality of individual needs", developing man's talents and interests and producing for achieving ^definite social objectives". He suggests certain means to these ends: first, political leadership must be decentralized as has been done in Yugoslavia by the system of workers' self-management; second, the monotony of routinized jobs should be overcome by arrangements for work rotation and job enlargement (workers should be provided facilities for getting scientific and technical education so that they become capable of learning the whole process of production and enable themselves to move from one job to another); and third, workers should be allowed sufficient leisure so that they may plan production and engage themselves in other creative activities.