SOCIO-RELIGIOUS .MOVEMENTS IN KERALA 33 In Kerala the caste system was imposed rather late, after its codes had already been elaborated. K Saradamoni, Histoire sociale et economique du Kerala depuis 1800: Etude des Pulayas, These de la 6 section (Sciences Economiques et Sociales) of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, 1971 (Manuscript), p 47. 3 W Logan, Manual of the Malabar District, (reprint from 1887) Government Press, Madras 1951, Vol I, pp 148-149. 4 K Saradamoni, op cit., pp 59, 76, 77, 97. 6 In Trivandrum the first English school for boys was founded in 1834 (and later became the Rajah School) and the first for girls in 1859. In Malabar the first was in 1862 and in the Kingdom of Cochin in 1837. (The History of the Freedom Movements in Kerala, Vol I {1600-1885), Government of Kerala, Trivandrum 1970, pp 6 Robin Jeffrey, "The Social Origins of a Caste Association, 1875-1905: the Founding of the SNDP Yogam." South Asia 4, October 1974, pp 46-48. RRamakrishnan Nair, "The Ruling Class and its Governing Elite of Kerala", Journal of Kerala Studies, Vol I.July 1973, No 1, pp 41-42. 8 P K K Menon, The History of the Freedom Movements in Kerala, Vol II 1885-1938. Government of Kerala, Trivandrum 1972, pp 116-135. 9 Ibid., pp 266-278. 10 K Thulaseedharan Pillai, Role of Caste and Class in the Emerging Pattern of Rural Leadership in Kerala, Thesis for PhD, University of Kerala, Trivandrum 1973, p 215. 11 P K Gopalakrishnan, ^Movements for Social Reform," manuscript for Vol I of History of Kerala, Kerala History Association, Cochin. 12 RNYesudas, A People's Revolt in Travancore-- A backward class movement for social freedom, Kerala Historical Society, Trivandrum 1975. p 61. See also Robin Jeffrey, The Decline of Nayar Dominance, Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908 Sussex University Press 1976, pp 37-69. 18 Ibid., pp 62-63. 14 Ibid., p 72. 15 ^Jan Qaisar, "The Breast Cloth Controversy", The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol V, No 2 June 1968, pp 174-180. 16 Ibid., pp 180-187; P S Velayudhan, "Cultural Renaissance in Kerala", The Cochin Synagogue 400th Anniversary Celebration Commemoration Volume, Kerala History Association, Cochin 1968, p 79. 17 Ibid., pp 186-187. 18 P K K Menon, op cit. pp 279-280. 19 The History a/Freedom Movements in Kerala, Vol I, op cit., p 65. 20 Ibid., p 65. ' ^ » P 21 Edgar Thurston and K Rangachari, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Madras, VolII,p 60. ^ P Parameswaran, Navodhaathinte Prev 28 E M S Namboodiripad, Kerala—Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, National Book Agency, Calcutta 1968, pp 110-111. ^4 The History of Freedom Movements, op cit., p 75 • as K Saradamoni, op cit., p 129. ^ P K K Menon, op cit., pp 8-11; PK Gopalakrishnan, op cit., Robin Jeffrey, op cit., pp 157-176. 27 Buchanan, A Journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar, London, 1807, p 421. w L K Ananthakrishna lyer. The Cochin Tribes and Castes, Higginbotham & Co Madras, 1912, Vol I, p 278.