4 SOCIAL SCIENTIST remuneration (piecework, daily wages, weekly wages, or monthly wages; 3) the access to complementary resources, such as social security which take in charge the cost of maintenance and reproduction of labour power (family supplements, compensations during unemployment, social security, retirement benefits and so on; and 4) their capacity to organize themselves. A substantial section of the proletariat in the cities does not enjoy security of employment or any indirect complementary wages; the direct wages only cover bare sustenance (immediate reproduction). Illness, unemployment and old age, drive people back to the villages where their progeny remain to be bred. It is generally admitted today that one of the main advantages derived by capitalism from the exploitation of rural depen-pent countries rests in the possibility of extracting, in addition to surplus value, a labour-rent through the exploitation of workers living, directly or indirectly, off the production of the agricultural domestic sector.1 To the extent that wage-earners either produce part of their own subsistence by dividing their time between employment in industry and the cultivation of their village plots, or benefit from the agricultural labour of their relatives in the village, they free a labour-rent equivalent to the value of the products furnished in this manner. Under these conditions, wages are considered by the employers to be a supplement and reduced by an amount equal to the value which corresponds to this rent. To the surplus value (realised by the exploitation of the labour power paid theoretically at its cost of reproduction) is added the value of what the worker and/or his family are producing for themselves. In other words, the wages do not repay the necessary labour. Perpetuation throughcPolicy9 At a certain point, the extra profit gained from such exploitation results in its perpetuation. By keeping wages below the level of reproduction, by promoting precarity of employment and by discouraging wives and children from coming to the urban zones of employment, the employers force the workers to return periodically to their home in order to feed themselves partly on the domestic sector and to make them dependent on it. This extra profit for the capitalist, which was, at the origin, the result of circumstances (preservation of the links between the workers and their rural milieu) becomes a policy (the nonintegration of the workers into the capitalist sector) to maintain the conditions of formation of labour-rent.