THE PROLETARIANIZATION OF RURAL WORKERS 5 In its turn, what was a policy becomes an element of crisis when the capacities of reproduction of the domestic sector fall below what is necessary to complement the income from wages. At this point, in fact, the necessity of finding an adequate monetary income keeps the urbanized workers in the cities, while according to the policy to which they are submitted, they should only remain there for short periods of time. This same policy, because it tries to attract cheap labour into the capitalist sector, worsens the conditions of production in the domestic agricultural sector whose produce is supposed to lower the wages. It is deliberate policy for instance, that in the South African Bantustans, the administration allocates to Africans plots insufficient to cover their needs, so as to force them into mining and industrial employment while tying them up to the reserves through a low-wages policy. In countries or in areas where cash cropping has not developed, the need for cash drives a high proportion of adult men to the cities. Such emigration results in a fall in food production proportionally greater than the fall in consumption due to their absence. Agricultural production now undertaken by a smaller number of people without sufficient capital input to compensate, deteriorates. The reproduction of the instrument of labour (the land) is hindered by the impoverishment of the work force which cannot cultivate an area sufficient to renew the land's productive potential. In some cases, as in the reserves of South Africa, the ghettoization of the African populations on restricted land areas,prevents the restoration of the land by traditional means while no other alternative is offered. Food production worsens equally where peasant cash-cropping is promoted since it absorbs a greater and greater part of the land and the working time of the agricultural population. In all cases, in order to avoid a rise in wages and prevent the peasants from giving up cash-cropping in favour of food production, the capitalist sector must apply a policy of low prices for basic food produce and, in particular, cereals. Under these conditions, the domestic subsistence economy is never profitable; at the same time, paid labour in the higher-productivity capitalist sector earns an income which corresponds to a greater quantity of subsistence than what can be produced in the village. If subsistence production and the domestic economy persists it is less for profitability than for social reasons. Agricultural self-sustenance is the infrastructure of kinship relationships which preserve the links of solidarity necessary to ensure a minimum of the security that the capitalist employer refuses to the worker. The