SCIENTISM AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 79 "intellectuals" in India either acquiesce in or project a blackout when there is a fight between democracy and authoritarianism or when pseudo-sciences seek totalitarian supremacy. L N SHARMA I Don Martindalc, The Nature and Types of Sociological Theory, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1960, p 46. Martindale also points out that the atomists and the sophists, particularly Democritus of ancient Greece also discussed similar things though not at length. (p 56). 5 The Positive Philosophy of August Comte, translated and condensed by Harriet Martin-, eau. Bill, London 1896, vols 1-3. It may be mentioned that the term "positivism" derives from the emphasis on the positive sciences - that is, "on tested and systematized experience rather than on undisciplined speculation." Sec Abraham Kaplan, "Positivism" in David L Sills (ed), International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, p 389. A Joseph Royce, "The Search for Meaning", American Scientist, December 1959, pp 515-517. 4 For a good collection of papers on the use of rationality in the social sciences, see S J Bonn and GW Mortimore (ed.), Rationality and the Social Sciences, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1976. M Natason, "A Study in Philosophy and the Social Science", Social Research, Vol. 25, 1958, p 161. For more discussion, see M R Cohen : Reason and Nature : An Essay in the Meaning of the Scientific Method, Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, 1931 and E Nagel, An Introduction to Logic and the Scientific Method, Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, 1934; CarlJ Friedrich, "Political Philosophy and the Science of Politics," in R Young (ed). Approaches to the Study of Politics, North-Western University Press, Evanston, Illinois 1958, pp 172-89; H Fcigl and M Brodbedk (ed( Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Appleton - Century - Crofts, New York 1958, esp. Section VII "Philosophy of the Social Science." Q The concept became popular with its enunciation in Max Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences trans and cd by Edward A Shils and Henry A Finch, The Free Press, New York 1949, esp. see p 54. 7 August Comte had denied that the positive method could be identified wih the use of mathematics and statistics. Timashcff argues that neopositivhm which sees in quantification the ideal of every science, including sociology, is hardly consistent with the ideas of the founder of positivism. See Nicholas S Timasheff, Sociological Theory : Its Mature and Growth, Random House, New York 1955, p 23. K Moritz Schlick, "Meaning and Verification", Philosophical Review, Vol 45, 1936, cited in Arnold Brecht, Political Theory, Princeton University Press, 1959, p 177. 9 Discussed in ibid., p 178. 10 Eugene Meehan, Contemporary Political Thought: A Critical Study, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois 1967, pp 51-61; the quote appears in Howard Ball and Thomas P Lauth, Jr (ed.), Changing Perspectives in Contemporary Political Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1971, p 24. 11 For this statement by Stephen Toulmin, see the reprint in ibid., p 12. 13 See Edwin Boring, "Psychological Factors in the Scientific Process" American Scien' tist. October 1954, pp 639-45. 13 Meehan in Ball and Lauth, Jr (ed), op. cit^ pp 20-22. II For such a viewpoint, see Raymond Aron,A4aiw Currents in Sociological Thought, trans. by Richard Howard and Helen Weaver, Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965, p66. u Cohen, op. cit,, p 351. lfs Brecht. op, cit., p 114. By this term, Brecht means that knowledge qua knowledge can be transmitted from person to person,