22 SOCIAL SCIENTIST to which modernization and industrialization are attributed, has resulted in the growth of scientific rationality, powerful political apparatus and, consequently, the atrophy of individual freedom. In advanced industrial societies which are the species of a single industrial society, manipulation and indoctrination have resulted in the containment of individuation. In the US, characterized by corporate capitalism, attempts at "social engineering59 and "social technology" are reminiscent of Aldous Huxley's Brave Mew World. In a word, according to Marcuse, liberal democracy has become extinct and classical Marxism, obsolete. That liberty has been circumscribed cannot be denied. The basic question is how to shield the individual from technical rationality and big organizations. Marcuse does not believe in restructuring institutions. He pleads for transcending the present predicament. Two basic solutions are put forward to bring about a total revolution: educational task and political revolution. The educational task is geared to "transvaluation of values", i.e., a cultural revolution, a revolution in man's consciousness. It seems to be unrealistic. While the malleability of human nature is acceptable both at the phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels in principle, the success in achieving the goal in a near future is doubtful. Human nature changes slowly while the political environment changes rapidly giving rise to pressing problems demanding urgent solutions. As for the political revolution, the agents on which he counts are marked by heterogeneity. Also, they are not wedded to a single ideology which can weld them into a world-shaking force. Further still, Marcuse underestimates the influence of nationalism, the reality of power politics and the uneven economic development of states which may stand in the way of solidarity of the radical forces. Therefore his blueprint for transcending the present civilization is indicative of his messianic humanism. 1 Eduard Batalov, The Philosophy of Revolt: Criticism of L° ft Radical Ideology, Moscow, Progress Publishers. 1975, pp 8-9. 2 Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, Great Britain, Sphere Books Ltd., 1970, p30. 3 E Arab-Ogly, In the Forecaster's Maze, Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1975, p 101. 4 Herbert Marcuse, Five Lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Utopia,, Boston, Beacon Press, 1970, p. 65. 6 Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, p 30. 6 Herbert Marcuse, sl Liberation from the Affluent Society" David Cooper (ed.). The Dialects of Liberation, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books Ltd., 1968, p 82. 7 Bruce Brown, Marx, Freud and the Critique of Everyday Life, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1973, p 19. 8 Ibid.,? 21. 9 Herbert Marcuse, Five Lectwes, p 17.