SOCIAL SCIENTIST 10 most powerful of them, the British, over the Indian rulers, the Indian economy ceased to be based on the self-sufficient village as it had remained for several centuries. The development of the world market and the slow but sure integration of the Indian village into that world market broke the self-sufficient character of India's village society which has now become part of the growing world capitalist society. This naturally reflected itself in the field of literature. The works of eminent writers in all the languages of the rapidly growing world capitalist system were translated into Indian languages, and they exercised their influence over the new generation of Indian writers. In other words, the world of Indian literature could free itself from the shackles of the caste-ridden Hindu society and its culture only when its economic basis—the self-sufficient village with its natural economy—was shattered by the assault offoreign capitalism. The motive force of the resurgence of literature and other fields of culture being thus foreign capitalism, the new literature and culture could not be as free and radical as the new bourgeois literature and culture in the home countries of rising capitalism. The dominant force moving the new bourgeois literature and culture of India, the foreign and the foreign trained intellectual elite, were interested in decrying all that was Indian, denouncing it as "barbarian" and "-uncivilized". They tended to ignore the great contribution made by the Indian people over the centuries, and looked upon the ideologies of imperialism as the "saviours" of India from its "barbarism". This naturally created its counterpart, false "nationalism", which, as was noted earlier, failed to sec the harm done by the forces of stagnation and decay that arose within the "glorious" Indian culture. It was precisely this "nationalism" that grew out of the works of imperialist historians and scholars who not only idealized ancient Hindu society but created a false trichotomy of Hindu, Muslim and British India, instead of a pre-capitalist and capitalist phase. The idealogical force which can effectively fight both these trends had, in the meantime, arisen—the ideology of the international working class founded by Marx and Engels and developed by Lenin and his followers. With the further development of capitalism in India, the growth of the working class in India was faster and the spread of Marxist-Leninist ideology among the intellectual elite also grew apace. The twentieth century, in other