50 SOCIAL SCIENTIST comprehensive, covering not only earnings but all items of labour cost, we use these data. ( 10 See P Venkataramaiah, op cit. n Sec Report of the Third Central Pay Commission, Ministry of Finance, 1973, Vol IV, p 5. 12 Sec Indian Labour Yearbook, op cit. 18 Besides the Civil Service, the government at the time of independence also owned and managed a number of industrial and service undertakings like the railways, P and T, and ordinance factories organized as departmenal enterprises. The staff in such enterprises consist of civil servants and their conditions of recruitment and service are the same as for other civil servants. On the contrary most of the industrial, commercial and service enterprises which came up in the public sector in the course of planned industrial development were set up mostly as government companies whose employees excluding deputationists are not civil servants. See Report of the Study Team on Public Sector Undertakings. Administrative Reforms Commission f ARC), June 1967. 14 Central Government employees may either be regular or non-regular. The latter includes a,) work charged personnel, b) contingency staff and c) locally recruited staff in Indian missions/embassies abroad. See Census of Central Government Employees, Ministry of Labour, New Delhi. EMI figures on employment include both regular and non-regular personnel (except locally recruited staff in embassies/missions abroad), but since the earnings data refer to regular staff, we consider only the latter. 15 See Report of the Third Central Pay Commission, op cit. 16 "Indian Defence Budget 1972-73", Journal of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 23 April, 1972. 17 NDP is at factor cost in current prices. Estimated from rational Accounts Statistics for 1976-77. 18 The share of departmental enterprises declined steadily from 3.1 per cent in 1960-61 to 21 per cent in 1976-77; of administrative departments from almost 60 per cent in 1960-61 to about 47 per cent at the end of the period. On the other hand the share of non-departmental enterprises increased rapidly from less than 14 percent in 60-61 to 32 per cent in 1976-77. 19 Employment data refers to 1977-78 while incomes data to 1976-77. However, it is possible that the'latter would be lower in 1977-78. 20 This was the peak year of the Emergency imposed in June 1975. The fall in the GPI for 1976-77 was mainly on account of a decline in the general price level in the initial months upto May 1976. From June it rose continuously, but the average for the 12 month period shows a fall. See Economic Survey, government of India, 19 76-77. 21 The slight improvement in the index in the last two years was largely on account ofan enhancement of several concessions to Central Government employees such as dearness allowance, and interim relief. See Report of Third Pay Commission op cit. 22 Report of the Administrative Reforms Commission (1967^) op cit. 28 Sec Footnote 14. It was recognized that the form of departmental undertakings is unsuitable for commercial and industrial enterprises. Although the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 laid down that public enterprises as a rule should be organized in the form of public corporations most enterprises in the public sector were set up as companies which reduces their accountability,on the plea that greater autonomy would make for more efficient running. See ARC Report 1967 op cit. 24 Third Pay Commission Report op cit. and Bhootalingam Committee Report, op cit, 26 See for instance, Parvez Alam, ^The Nature of Class Conflicts in Indian Society-A Critique of Dandekar, Janavadi Vichar Manch, University of Delhi. 20 V M Dandekar, "Nature of Class Conflict [in the Indian Society in the Marxian Framework" Artha Vijnana, Jxxne 1978.