58 SOCIAL SCIENTIST constitute a higher percentage of households and have higher percentage of ownership of land, they are dominant. Practices of share-cropping and consumption loans are there but they are not significant. Percentage of leases, lessors and debtors of consumption loans is the lowest. In Jafarpur and Bharkuian, direct producers are free. In the former village, there is a tractor and output per labourer is higher. Hence this is in the category of highest wage rate among villages. In Parasia and Bharthui also there are tractors, and the utilization of fertilizers per acre is the highest in Bharthui. But the elements of feudal influence are there, and, therefore, they are not in the category of highest wage rate among villages. We know that even capitalist development of agriculture retains feudal features for a long time.9 Thus, on the basis of the above analysis we may conclude that productivity has positive response fully on wage rates only in postfeudal capitalist production relations where labourers are free to sell their labour power. In pre-capitalist semi-feudal production relations, direct producers do not succeed in raising their wage rates in tune with productivity. Because they are under indissoluble bond of landlord-cultivators and are the victims of socio-economic coercion, free forces of demand and supply [become weak. Hence, in capitalist production relations, wage rates are always higher than pre-capitalist ones. And, therefore, we are tempted to agree with Lenin who concludes, "We would merely observe the fact that payment for labour under purely capitalist hire is greater than that under all forms of bondage and under other pre-capitalist relations has been established not only in agriculture . . . and not only in Russia, but also in other countries."10 HARIHAR BHAKTA 1 Kalpana Bardhan, ^Factors Affecting Wage Rates for Agricultural Labour", Economic and Political Weekly, 30 June 1973. 2 Unpublished Ph D thesis, Patna University, 1977. 3 A VJose writes, "According to comparative study of wage rate movements in the IADP districts in various states between 1962-63 and 1967-68, daily real wage rate recorded the maximum percentage increase in Alleppey and Palaghat districts of Kerala although the growth of agricultural production associated with the Green Revolution has been much greater in the IADP districts of other states like Punjab. Tamil Nadu and Gujarat", "Wage Rates of Agricultural Labourers in Kerala", Economic and Political Weekly, Annual Number, 1973. 4 For detailed analysis of classification of agrarian society see H Bhakta, Mainstream, 27 November 1976. 5 Lenin, Collected Works, Vol III, p 191.