PERMANT SETTLEMENT 57
social layers so much so that the peasants had to organize movements against their own former collaborators during the early decades of the present century.36
HETUKAR JH
1 N K Singh, History of Territorial Aristocracy in Bihar (1757-1793), unpublished Ph D thesis, Patna University, 1967, p 221.
2 D Rothermund, The Phases of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Nachiketa Publication, 1970, p 179.
3 Ibid.
4 G N Dutt, "History of the Hathwa Raj", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol73, 1904, p 179.
5 L N Ghosh, The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajav, ^amindars, Calcutta, 1879, pp 35-36.
6 N K Singh, op cif, pp 5-18. Emphasis added.
7 Ibid, pp 24-28. Emphasis added.
8 Rt Rev Reginald Heber, Narrative of a Journey through Upper Provinces of India (1824-1825). Vol I, p 133.
9 J SJ ha, "History of Darbhanga Raj", The Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Vol XLVHI, Jan-Dec 1%2, Parts I-IV, pp 14-104.
10 Hetukarjha, "The Oinwaras in the Mughal Period", The Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Vol LV, Parts I-IV, Jan-Dec 1969, pp 144-150.
11 Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Asia Publishing House, 1963 p 336.
12 CJ Stevenson-Moore, Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operation in the Muzaf-farpur District, 1892-1899, Patna, Government Printing Press, 1922, pp 84-85.
13 This gift was recorded on a copper plate, which was recently discovered by the author in the house ofDharma Nath Mishra of village Sarisab.Pahi, district Madhu-bani, Bihar. Dharma Nath is the sixth descendant of the donee of the said gift. Its dimensions are 12" x 5". There are 14 lines in Sanskrit and Maithili engraved on the plate in Devanagari script: A translation of it is given here:
"True copy of the Patta: Be it well with thee . . •. His Exalted Highness Maharaja-dhiraj Shri Man Shri Shrijugal Kishore Singh, the winner of battles, hereby makes a gift of britti of villages Gamaria and Baraha including tanks and forests under Parganna Majhaua, Zilla Bahas, Sarkar Champaran, to Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Shri Vishvanatha Mishra. He may avail of the produce of the above mentioned and shower his blessing.
^San 1175 Sal (1768 A D), Chaitra Purnima
"May this bring good luck."
14 Stevenson-Moore, op cit, p 85.
15 Irfan Habib. op cit, p 338.
16 Hetukarjha, "Lower-caste Peasants and Upper-caste Zamindars in Bihar (1921-1925); An Analysis of Sanskritization and Contradiction between the Two Groups*'-The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Oct-Dec 1977, Vol XIX, No 4, pp 542-559; Surendra Gopal, ('Peasant Movement in Bihar during the Second World War", Behavioural Scientist, Patna, 1978. pp 141-151.