GHADAR MOVEMENF 55 like "what is to be done?" and "where to begin?" were raised, his natural answer was to start with a propaganda paper for the political education of the people, particularly of Indians settled in foreign lands. The paper's name was to be the Ghadar, to be published in Urdu and Punjabi, and its editor, Har Dayal. Now funds had to be collected and other arrangements made for the purpose. An organization was set up with a working committee of dedicated workers taking one member from each of the main centres where Indian labourers worked. It was named Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast. Har Dayal called it "Hindu Association." Sohan Singh Bhakna was chosen its president, Har Dayal, its secretary, and Kanshi Ram, the treasurer. It is also claimed that a "secret" commission was also constituted consisting of the three top leaders—Bhakna, Har Dayal and Kanshi Ram.10 Soon afterwards the association came to be known as the "Ghadar Party55 after the name of its propaganda paper launched on 1 November 1913. Publication and distribution of this weekly was the central purpose of the committee. In an interview with the Bulletin of San Francisco on 26 March 1914, Har Dayal (he left the U S A on 14 April and with that ended his stewardship of the movement) made a categorical assertion that the "Hindu Association" was established for the purpose of carrying on oral and written propay-ganda against the British rulers of India. There was the need for continuing political education of Indians "for a long time".11 He believed that the role of Mazzini must come first: "after Mazzini, Garibaldi; after Garibaldi, Gavour. Even so it must be with us. Virtue and Wisdom first, then war; finally independence".13 Revolution was a proposition of a distant future. He did not think that organization was a necessary element in the strategy for revolution. It could as well be a "spontaneous revolution."^ In short, organizing for a revolution was not on the agenda right then. However, the Ghadar did not make a fine distinction between political education and a call for rebellion. The first issue announced: "... today there begins in foreign lands ... a war against English rule ... a cannonade with the strength of a pen, and the time is soon to come when rifle and blood will be used for pen and ink." In a leading article, "Our Name and Our Work are Identical", it was made clear that the plan was of an armed rebellion on the pattern of the one waged by Indians in 1857. Statistics of India's poverty and the draining of India's wealth to England