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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 516.

5s6 THE INDIAN EMPIRE [CHAP. Financial from England as financial member of Council. He re- reforms, organized the customs system, imposed an income tax and a licence duty, and created a state paper currency. He died in the midst of his task, but his name still lives as that of the Legal first and greatest finance minister in India. The Penal Code, reforms. originally drawn up by Macaulay in I837, passed into law in i86o, together with the Codes of Civil Procedure (I859) and Criminal Procedure (I86i). Lord Canning left India in March, i862, and died before Lord he had been a month in England. His successor, the Earl of Elgin, Elgin, lived only till November, I863. He expired at the Himalayan station of Dharmsala, and there he lies buried. Lord He was succeeded by Sir John (afterwards Lord) Lawrence, Lawrence, the 'saviour of the Punjab.' The chief incidents of Lord 1864-9 Lawrence's rule were the Bhutan War, followed by the annexa- tion of the Bhutan Duars in I864, and the terrible Orissa famine of I866. In a later famine in Bundelkhand and Upper Hindustan in, i868-9, Lord Lawrence laid down the principle, for the first time in Indian history, that the officers of the Government would be held personally responsible for taking every possible means to avert death by starvation. He created a department of Irrigation under Colonel (afterwards Sir Richard) Strachey. An inquiry was conducted into the status of the peasantry of Oudh, and an Act was passed with a view to securing them in their customary rights. After a period of fratricidal war among the sons of Dost Muhammad, the Afghan territories had been concentrated in the hands of Sher Ahi, who was acknowledged as Amir by Lord Lawrence. A commercial crisis took place in i866, which seriously threatened the young tea industry in Bengal, and caused widespread ruin at Bombay. Sir John Lawrence retired in January, i869, after having passed through every grade of Indian service, from an Assistant Magistracy to the Vice- royalty. On his return to England he was raised to the peerage. He died in I879, and lies in Westminster Abbey. I.ord Lord Mayo succeeded Lord Lawrence in i869, and urged Mayo, on the material progress of India. The Ambala darbdr, I869-72. at which Sher All was welcomed as Amir of Afghanistan, although in one sense the completion of what Lord Lawrence had begun, owed its success to Lord Mayo. The visit of His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh in I869-70 gave great pleasure to the natives of India, and introduced a tone of personal loyalty into our relations with the feudatory princes.