506 INDEX
put from 1 899 to 1903, 132 ; Bengal
coal-fields along Damuda Valley,
132, classification of beds, 133, com- position of coal from Raniganj and
Barakar stages, 133 ; the Jherria
field, 133 ; the Bokaro and ramarh,
134; the Karanpura, the Daltonganj,
the Giridih fields, 134; the Satpura
group of fields, 134 ; the Mohpani field,
135 ; the Godavari belt of Gondwana
rocks, 135 ; the Warora field, its ap-proaching exhaustion, 135, new de-
velopment south of Chanda, 135 ; the
Singareni field in the Nizam's Domi-nions, 135; of the Mahanadi group of
Gondwana exposures only the Umaria
field worked, 135, 136 ; outside the
Peninsula at Darjeeling, owing to the
geological folding, coal crushed, poor,
and hard to work, 136 ; younger coals
of Cretaceous and Tertiary age, 136-138 ;
a table of outputs,137; compared
with Gondwana coals, 136; fields in
NE. Assam, 136, in Burma, in Balu-chistan at Khost, near Quetta, and in
Bolan Pass expensive and dangerous,
137, 138; in the Punjab at Dandot and
in the Mianwali District, 138 ; occur-
rence of a lignite at Palana, in the
Bikaner State, Rajputana, 135 ; exports
of coal increasing, imparts decreasing,
both amounts small,13 1, 235; price
of coal, 235; variations between 1871
and 1903 in wholesale prices of im-
ports, 463.
Coal-mines, statistics of labour employed
in, 163-166 ; number of workers, 1 63 ;
increase of population in districts, 163 ;
source of the colliers, 164, in Bengal,
mainly from classes of landless labour-
ers, aborigines, and low castes, 164 ;
evolution of a collier caste, 164; in
Assam, coolies, 164; average output
of colliers, 164; hours of work and
wages, 164, 165; employment of woment
and children, 165; general rise of
wages around, 165; methods of min-
ing, 165 ; its comparative mechanical
safety, 165 ; rare presence of fire-damp
and use of safety-lamps, 165 ; low
death-rate from accidents, 166; death
rate compared with coal production,
166 ; legislation, 166, 167.
Cobalt, associated with nickel and copper,
long known in Rajputana, 147.
Coffee plant, cultivation of, 63-66 ; his-
tory, 63 ; areas of its production and
labour employed, 63 ; description and
varieties of plant, 63 ; temperature and
soil, 63, 64 ; seed-beds and plantations,
64 ; method of cultivation, weeding,
and hoeing. 64 ; manuring, 65 ; topping,
pruning, and plucking, 65 ; manufac-
ture, 65, 66; out-turn, 66 ; exports, 63,
290, 291, fall in, due to cheap coffees
from Brazil, 63, 290.
Commerce and Trade, ch. v, pp. 257-315.
I. History of foreign trade, 257-315 ;
early trade till the formation of East
India Company, 257-260 ; slow growth
of British trade before 1858, 260, 261;
improvements since 1858, 262 ; in com-
munications and transit, 262, 263 ;
reform of fiscal system, 263, 264; ex-
change difficulties, 264-266 creation of
new departments, 266, 267; general
progress since 1834, 268-271. II, Ports
of India, 273-276; paucity of harbours,
271; chief ports, 272-276; a table of
trade from 1882 to 1902, 272; port trusts,
273; a table of shipping from 1884 to
1904, 276. III. Description of modern
trade, 276-291 ; increase of imports
and exports during last decade in spite
of drawbacks, 277; imparts, 277-281;
a table of values from 1882 to 1905,
307; principal imports, 277, cotton, 278,
279; possibility of India manufactur-
ing many present imparts, 279, 280;
decline of transit trade, 280; exports,
281-291; values of, from 1882, 307;
of manufactured goods, mainly of cot-
ton and jute, 281-284; of food-grains,
284, 285; of raw cotton and jute, 286,
287; of tea, 287 , 288, sugar, 288-290,
Coffee and indigo, 290, 291. IV. Im-ports and exports of gold and silver, 291,
292. V. Distribution of foreign trade,
292-198. VI. External trade by land,
298-301. VII. Internal trade, 301-306.
Bibliography, p. 306. Tables, pp. 307-315. See also Trade.
Co-operation and association for agricul-
tural and industrial purposes, 91, 93,
224, 250, 497.
Copper, the places of its occurrence, 144;
large imports of, 144 237 ; its exten-
sive domestic use and saleability, 237;
rise and fall of copper traffic a barometer
of pecuniary condition of the people,
237 ; held to be the purest of matals,
232 ; has to be tinned for cooking,
237; fall in imports during famine
years, 237; copper and brass wares,
240, their graceful shapes, the lota of
the Hindus, 240, the spouted tonti
of Muhammadanes 241 ; artistic brass-
work of Jaipur, 241; principal centres
of the industry, 241; wariations in
wholesale prices of mported copper,
1861-1903, 462.
Corundum, at ancient abrivise, its gradual
disuse, 151.
Cotton, Sir Arthur, his work an the
irrigation systems of the deltas of the
Cauvery, 327, of the Godavari and the
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