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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4, p. 59.

THE NATIVE STATIES 59 with France in 1896 and 1904; and several engagements with Siam extending from I868 to I894. Within this frontier, which marches with Persia, Afghanistan, Russia, Tibet, China, and Siar, lies an area estimated at more than I,8oo,ooo square miles, inhabited by about 300,000,000 people. On the west the Persian Makran border runs from Gwetter Bay, through Jalk, to the Koh-i-Malik Siah, whence the Afghan line continues east along the desert sands of Nushki as far as the Sarlat range. Thence the line, usually called the Durand line, goes north through Chaman and Domandi till it reaches Mount Sikaram, in the Safed Koh range, above the Peiwar Pass. The British-Afghan border here turns east to Landi Khana in the Khyber. Pass; then, resuming its northerly direction and leaving Kafiristan to the Amir, it follows the Wakhan frontier to Povalo Schveikovski, in longitude 75° E., where three empires, the British, Russian, and Chinese, meet. Nature then interposes a scientific frontier along the Muztagh (Karakoram) range and the Himalayas, until the Brahmaputra is crossed on the north of Assam. Unexplored and uncivilized tribal country guards the northern limits of Assam and Burma from the intrusion of peaceful surveyors or hostile visitors, until the upper basins of the Irrawaddy and Salween are reached, and then, at a fixed point north of Sabu Pum (25° 35' N.; 980 14' E.), scientific survey and diplomatic agreements resume their operations and trace the British-Chinese border along the side of Yiinnan. Kokang falls to India; and from the point where the Chinese frontier is left, down to the mouth of the Nam Huok, the possessions and spheres of influence of France and Great Britain are divided by the Mekong river. The rest of the frontier, from the Mekong to the mouth of the Pakchan in the Malay Peninsula, has been clearly defined by various agree- ments with Siam. India, lying within the limits thus defined, consists of two The States parts, British India and the territories of Native chiefs, or to under British use the more common phrase, Native States. Parliament in suzerainty the Interpretation Act of I889 (52 & 53 Vict., cap. 63, are in 'India,' sec. I8) has adopted the following definitions: 'The expression but not ill British India shall mean all territories and places within Her 'British Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by India.' Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India, or through any Governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India. The expression India shall mean British India, together with any territories of any Native Prince