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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4, p. 402.

402 THiE INDIANi EMPIRE [CHAP. of clothing are among the commonest employments. Other forms of manufacture are allowed in some jails: there is, for instance, a large and successful carpet manufactory in the Central jail at Agra. Schooling is confined to juveniles; the experiment of teaching adults has been tried, but literary instruction is unsuitable for the class of persons who fill an Indian jail. Offences A list of jail offences and punishments has been drawn up and punish- under the authority conferred by the Prisons Act. Punish- ments. ments are divided into major and minor according to their Statistics. severity. The offences have reference mainly to discipline, the introduction or possession of forbidden articles, food, clothing, sanitation, the care of jail property, work, assaults, mutinies, and escapes. The number of desperate characters among the convicts is small, and their conduct in jail is generally good. Failure to perform the allotted task is by far the most common offence. The principal punishments are formal warning, deprivation of privileges, penal diet, various forms of separate confinement, handcuffs, fetters, coarse clothing, and whipping. Female prisoners are exempted from whipping, fetters, and handcuffs. During I903 the number of punishments inflicted averaged two per head of the average convict population-see the table at the end of this chapter, which gives statistics for the jail population, and shows also the cost of keeping and guarding prisoners, and the profits of jail manufactures. Rewards. The jail regulations provide a system of reward as well as of punishment. The principal rewards are promotion to the post of convict warder and remission of sentences under the mark system. Daily and special marks are awarded for industry and good conduct, and a certain number of marks earn a day's remission. This has been found to work well, and the convicts appreciate its benefits. Female Female prisoners are confined in separate wards of the prisoners. ordinary jails, under the charge of female warders. They are subjected to the same discipline as male convicts, the tasks being apportioned to their smaller strength. They are not transferred to Central jails so freely as males, as it is considered inadvisable, except in the case of long-term convicts, to send women to places at a distance from their homes. Lahore contains a special jail for female convicts. Boy Boy convicts are confined in special wards, and are divided rsefora into children and adolescents. The latter class are kept tories. separate, sleep in cubicles, and are provided with schooling