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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4, p. 479.

XIv] AIMEDICAL ADMINIJASTRA TION 4 479 Presidency town, and in Karachi and other places in Sind. Each Province has a large establishment of public vaccinators, with an inspecting staff under the Deputy Sanitary Com- missioners. In Bengal private vaccinators are licensed, and are permitted to receive fees. In municipalities the vaccinators are maintained by the municipal authorities, and in rural areas by the Government or the District boards. More than 2 per cent. of the work is done by the ordinary dispensary staff. There has been a great increase in the annual rate of vaccina- tion and in the proportion of protected persons (see Table II at the end of this chapter). During IS64-5 only 556 persons were vaccinated in Bengal, the United Provinces, and the Punjab; in I902-3 more than five millions were successfully vaccinated in the same Provinces. In the whole of British India the proportion of persons who underwent vaccination to the total population was 27 per r,ooo in I88o-I, and 35 in 1902-3, while the true normal birth-rate may be taken as approaching 50 per thousand. The proportion of vaccinations to births varies greatly in different Provinces, being best in the Punjab and worst in Bengal. In parts of the latter Province the people are still prejudiced and hide their children from the vaccinators. A great improvement has been made in recent years by substituting calf-lymph vaccination for the arm-to-arm method. This process was systematically introduced in I890. Dep6ts for the manufacture and storage of calf lymph have been established, and the use of human lymph is being more and more superseded. BIBLIOGRAPHY See the official and other publications referred to under ' General Popu- lation' in the bibliography to the chapter on Public Health (Vol. I, chap. x). Also, for Hindu times, Civilisation in .-tnc/ci Indta, by R. C. DI)tt (Calcutta, 1899), book v, chap. xi; and .4 Shot,' Iis/toy of Aryan Medical Science, by the Thakur Sahib of Gondal (1896).