ADMINISTRA TION 173
2½ lakhs, of which nearly half was laid out on roads and buildings.
The chief item in the receipts, as usual, is the land cess. Nineteen
towns and villages have been constituted Unions under (Madras)
Act V of I884.
The police force is controlled by a District Superintendent and an
Assistant Superintendent. In I904 there were 6I police stations, and
the force consisted of I3 inspectors and I,14I constables, with a reserve
of 89 men. There were also 974 rural police working in conjunction
with the regular force.
The District jail at Bellary town has accommodation for 323 males
and 23 females, exclusive of the observation cells and hospital, which
will hold 27 and 36 inmates respectively. As this does not sufficiently
provide for the needs of adjoining Districts, from which prisoners are
sent to this jail, Ioo more cells are being constructed. The only
manufacture carried on in the jail is the weaving of the woollen blankets
of the country. There are nine subsidiary jails. Seven are situated at
the taluk head-quarters (except Bellary), and the other two at the
deputy-tahsilddrs' stations at Siruguppa and Yemmiganur. They pro-
vide accommodation for a total of i6i prisoners.
As regards education, Bellary is one of the most backward areas in
Madras. At the Census of I90o it stood seventeenth among the twenty-
two Districts of the Presidency in the literacy of its male population,
and last in that of its females. Persons who could read and write
formed only 4.6 per cent. (8.6 males and 0.3 females) of the total. The
Bellary tdluk contained a considerably higher proportion than any other,
but in Rayadrug only 3 per cent. were returned as literate. The total
number of pupils under instruction in I881-2 was 10,368; in I890-I,
I8,858; in 1900-I, 26,283; and in 1903-4 only 14,86I. The number
of educational institutions of all kinds in March, 1904, was 627, of which
604 were classed as public, and the remainder as private. Of the former,
1 were managed by the Educational department, 36 by the local boards,
and 8 by the two municipalities; 314 received grants-in-aid, and 235,
though not aided, conformed to the rules of the department. These
institutions included 591 primary, 9 secondary, 3 training and other
special schools, and the Wardlaw College at Bellary town. The number
of girls in them was 1,504. As usual, the majority of the pupils were
only in primary classes. The percentage of boys of school-going age in
these classes was i8, and of girls 2. Among Musalmans the corre-
sponding figures were 19 and 2. There are 13 Panchama schools in
the District, with 479 pupils. The total expenditure on education in
1903-4 was I-22 lakhs, of which Rs. 34,000 was derived from fees. Of
the total, Rs. 8,500 was devoted to primary education.
Bellary possesses seven hospitals. Two are maintained by the
municipalities; of the other five, which are all kept up by the local
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