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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 98.

98 HAZARIBAGH DISTRICT Village lands are of four kinds. Manjhihas is a portion of the best land set apart for the head of the village. It is frequently sublet, some- times at a cash rent, but more often on the adhbatai system, under which each party takes half the produce. When held khds, it is cul- tivated by the ryots for the proprietor, the latter supplying the seed and a light meal on the days when the villagers,are working for him. jiban is land in which the ryots have occupancy rights. Khundzedt or sdjwdt lands are those reclaimed from jungle or waste land, and the ryot and his descendants have a right of occupancy, paying rent at half the rate prevailing in the neighbourhood for jiban lands. Utkar land is that cultivated by tenants-at-will. The rents of jiban and utkar lands are usually payable in cash, but in the Sakri valley the system of payment by assessment or division of the produce is common. The following table shows the collections of land revenue and total revenue (principal heads only), in thousands of rupees:- 1880-1. 1890-1. 1900-1. 1903-4- Land revenue . i,A 1125 1,31 1,34 Total revenue . 3x94 4,92 , 5,42 6,74 Outside the municipalities of HAZARIBAGH, CHATRA, and GIRIDIH, local affairs are managed by the District board. In 1903-4 its income was Rs.96,ooo, including Rs. 5o,ooo derived from rates; and the ex- penditure was Rs. 1,ol,ooo, the chief item being Rs. 59,000 spent on public works. The District contains 18 police stations or thdnas, and 2o outposts. In 1903 the force subordinate to the District Superintendent consisted of 3 inspectors, 33 sub-inspectors, 54 head constables, and 431 con- stables. The Central jail at Hazaribagh has accommodation for 1,257 prisoners, and a subsidiary jail at Giridih for 21. The Hazari- bagh Reformatory school has accommodation for 357 boys. Education is very backward, and only 2.6 per cent. of the population (5•2 males and 0•2 females) could read and write in 1901. The number of pupils under instruction increased from 6,234 in 1882-3 to 15,867 in 1892-3, but fell to 14,345 in 1coo-r. In 1903-4, 16,440 boys and 2,014 girls were at school, being respectively 19•2 and 2-2 per cent. of the children of school-going age. The various missions maintain schools for the benefit of the aboriginal tribes. The most notable educational institutions are the Dublin University Mission First Arts college, and the Reformatory at Hazaribagh. The total number of institutions, public and private, in 1903-4 was 692, including the Arts college, 16 secondary, 643 primary, and 32 special schools. The expenditure on education was Rs. 1,12,ooo, of which Rs.38,ooo was