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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 122.

122 HILL TIPPERA The Raja is the proprietor of the soil, and the land is held either direct by cultivators or under tdluka grants, which may be either per- petual or temporary. In the hills a family tax is realized from jhum cultivators, and rents are paid only for lands in the plains ; the rates vary from 12 annas to Rs. 9-8, the average being Rs. 3 per acre. The State is being cadastrally surveyed and settled. A military force of 330 officers and men is maintained by the State. The force under the Superintendent of police numbers 8 inspectors, 26 ddrogas, 33 naib-ddrogas, 4o head constables, 49 writer constables, and 308 constables, posted at as police stations and 34 outposts. There is a jail at Agartala and a lock-up at each of the divisional head-quarters; the average daily number of prisoners in 1903-4 was 47. Education is very backward, and in 1901 only 2•3 per cent. of the population (4•1 males and 0•2 females) could read and write. The number of pupils under instruction increased from 619 in 1881 to r,o59 in 1892-3 and 1,704. in 19oo-1, while 3,oo8 boys and 117 girls were at school in 1903-4. The number of educational insti- tutions in that year was 103, including an Arts college, a secondary school, 99 primary schools, and 2 special schools. Of the primary schools, 88 are in the hills, and special scholarships have been founded for hill boys. An artisan school has recently been started, in which carpentry and brass and ironwork are taught. There are boarding- houses at the college and high school, where accommodation and medical aid are provided free of cost. A special boarding-house has also been established for the Thakur boys, and in connexion with it, a class has been opened for the training of such Thdkurs as are willing to enter the civil service of the State ; separate arrangements have also been made for the education of members of the ruling family. The expenditure on education in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 70,000, which was entirely borne by the State, all education being free. The State maintains ten charitable dispensaries, under the control and supervision of the State physician. The total number of out- patients in 1903-4 was 35,269, and of in-patients 657 ; 401 operations were performed. The expenditure was Rs. 26,500, entirely borne by the State. Vaccination is not compulsory, but is making progress, and 7,'756 persons were vaccinated in 1903-4. [Sir W. W. Hunter, Statistical Account of Bengal, vol. vi; Sir A. Mackenzie, History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal (Calcutta, 1884) ; Rev. James Long, `Abstract of the Rdjmdla,' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1850), vol. xix, p. 533; J. G. Cumming, Settlement Report of Chdkla Roshndbad (Calcutta, 1899).] Hilsa.-Village in the Bihar subdivision of Patna District, Bengal,