30 h'ISHANGARH STATE
remaining hukitmats is under an official called hdkim. In each district
are several tahsilddrs and nail-tahsilddrs, who are purely revenue
officers.
For the guidance of its judiciary the State has its own Codes and
Acts, based largely on those of British India. Of the four hiihims, one
has the powers of a third-class magistrate, and the rest are second-class
magistrates, while all of them can try civil suits of any value arising
in their respective districts. Criminal cases beyond their powers are
heard by the Sadr Faujdari Court, the presiding officer of which has
the powers of a first-class magistrate and is also magistrate for the
Kishangarh district. The civil work of the latter district is disposed
of partly by the Small Cause Court, and partly by the Sadr Diwani, or
chief civil court. The next tribunal is the Appellate Court, which,
besides hearing all appeals (civil and criminal), has the powers of
a Sessions Judge. The Council is the highest court in the State; it
hears special appeals, exercises general supervision, and when presided
over by the Maharâjd can pass death sentences.
The normal revenue of Kishangarh is about 4.6 lakhs, and the
expenditure 4•2 lakhs. The chief sources of revenue are : land (in-
cluding irrigation), r•5 lakhs; customs (including Rs. 45,ooo received
as compensation from the British Government), Rs. 6o,ooo ; cotton-
mill and presses, &c., RS. 25,000 ; and judicial (including stamps),
Rs. 2 r,ooo. The main items of expenditure are: administrative staft
(civil and judicial), 2.6 lakhs ; palace and privy purse, Rs. 70,000 ;
army and police, Rs. 40,000; and public works (including irrigation),
Rs. 33,ooo. The financial position is sound; for while there are no
debts, there is a considerable cash balance and a further sum of about
2.8 lakhs is invested in Government securities and the local cotton-
presses, mills, &c.
The State has its own coinage, and there have been several issues
since the mint was started. The rupee now most common is known
as the Chaulisania (twenty-fourtb year); once worth about thirteen
British annas, it now exchanges for barely eleven, and it is proposed
to convert the local currency when the rate becomes more favourable.
The land tenures are the usual jdgir, mudfi, and khdlsa. The
jdgzrddrs have to serve with their quota of horsemen, or make a cash
payment in lieu, and ordinarily attend the Maharaja on his birthday
and certain festivals. Their estates descend from father to son, or,
with the sanction of the Darbar, to an adopted son, but are liable
to resumption for serious offences against the State. Mudfi grants,
or lands held by individuals such as Brahmans, Charans, and Bhâts,
or by charitable and religious institutions, are rent free, inalienable,
and may be resumed on failure of heirs. In the khdlsa area or
crown lands the cultivators are for the most part tenants-at-will,
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