trunk road. It is the junction of the North-Western, Ludhiana
Dhtari-Jakhal, and Ludhiana-Ferozepore-1VI'Leodganj Railways; distant
by rail from Calcutta 1,148 miles, from Bombay a,2 F 5, . and from
Karachi 884. Population (1901), 48,649, The town is connected.
by metalled roads with Jagraon (24 miles) and Samrala (21 miles)
It was founded in "481 by two Lodi Pathans, from whom it took
its name of Lodiana, corrupted into Ludhiana. It was the seat of
government for this part of the empire under the Lodis, but under
the 1VIughals was only the head-quarters of a mahal in the sarkar
of Sirhind, though it continued to be a place of importance: It
passed into the possession of the Rais of Raikot in 1760, and in i8o6
was taken by Ranjit Singh, who gave it to his uncle, Raja Bhag Singh
of Jind. -Land west of the town was allotted to the British in 1809
for a cantonment, which was up to 1838 the outpost on the Sutlej
frontier. The town and surrounding country escheated on the death
of -Raja Sangat Singh of Jind in 1835. Ludhiana was in 1842 fixed
on as the residence of the exiled family, of Shah Shuja. The
cantonment was abandoned in 1854. The fort, built on the site of
that constructed by the original founders, owes its present shape to
Sir D. Ochterlony:
The municipality was, created in x867. The receipts and expendi-
ture during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 92,8oo and
Rs. 92,6oo respectively. In 1903-4-the income was 1•2 lakhs, the
chief source being octroi (Rs. 92,000) ; while the expenditure of
i-i lakhs included conservancy (RS. 12,000), education (Rs. 24,000),
medical (Rs. io,ooo), public safety (Rs. 15,ooo), and administration
(Rs. 18,ooo). Ludhiana is famous for its manufacture of pashm na
shawls, which was introduced by some Kashmiri immigrants in 1833,:
Cotton fabrics are also largely woven, checks and gabruns being made
in considerable quantities. Embroidery is largely carried on. The
Ludhiana turbans are also famous, and a certain amount of ivory
turning is carried on, including the manufacture of billiard-balls. The
town stands next to Amritsar in the excellence of its dyeing of wool
and silk. It is an important centre for ornamental woodwork and
furniture, and also a large grain mart. A flour-mill has recently been
established, which in 1904 gave employment to 14 hands. The prin-
cipal educational institutions are the four Anglo-vernacular high schools:'
one maintained by the municipality; the management of which was take;
over by the Educational department in 1904, two by the mission, and' ,
the Islamiya school. Ludhiana has been since 1834 the head-quarters
of the American Presbyterian Mission, which, in addition to the schools
mentioned, maintains the North India School of Medicine for Christian
Women and a printing press. There is a civil hospital in the town,
with a branch; dispensary,
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