382 MADRAS CITY
more notable of these latter are the street from the Walàjâ Road to
Pycroft's Road in Triplicane, and that from Waller's Road to the
Napier Park.
A few troops are always stationed in Madras, itself, in the Fort and
elsewhere, besides others at St. Thomas's Mount, Poonamallee, and
Pallavaram on the outskirts of the city. In addition, there are three
corps of Volunteer Rifles-the Madras Volunteer Guards, the South
Indian Railway Volunteer Rifles, and the Madras Railway Volunteers;
and also the Madras Artillery Volunteers.
The police arrangements in old Madras were as primitive as those
for the administration of justice. Outside the Fort an hereditary
official known as the Pedda Naik (` big peon') was appointed, who, in
return for the grant of certain rice-fields rent free and petty duties
on rice, fish, oil, betel-leaf, and betel-nut, was required to keep up
a certain staff of peons (originally twenty were found enough, but
the numbers were afterwards increased), and either to detect all
crimes committed or make good the losses of those who were robbed.
He was also required to provide the Governor when called upon
with a body-guard of 150 peons. On state occasions he used to ride
at the head of his peons' in the processions accompanied by ` our
country music,' as the old papers call it, the precursor, apparently,
of 'the Governor's Band. In 1858 the police throughout the Presi-
dency, the city force included, was entirely reorganized and
placed under Sir William' (then Mr.) Robinson, the first Inspector-
General of Police. The force in Madras City consisted in 1904 of
a, Commissioner of Police, with a Deputy and z Assistant Commis-
sionérs, 16 inspectors, and 1,321 subordinate officers and constables,
of :whom 4 were mounted, and 44 marine police. There were 22
police stations.
The Penitentiary in Madras ranks as Central jail; but, unlike most
of such institutions, it is also used for the detention of prisoners sen
ter ced to short terms, there being no subsidiary jails in the city: It
has accommodation for 1,046 prisoners; including 59 in the hospital
and 42 in the observation cells. The daily average number in 1904
was 1,o9i. The principal industry on which the convicts are employed
is `composing, printing, and binding forms and books for the Govern-
ment Press; and the section of the jail in which, this work is done is
treated as a branch of the Press. On an average, 32•0 convicts were
daily employed in this manner. Next in importance comes the manu-
facture of cotton goods, such as tent-cloth, rope, tape, and bedding
for the various departments of Government, especially the army. In
this work a daily average of 145 men were employed. Boot- and
sandal-making for the Police, jail, and other departments, and the
expressing of gingelly oil occupy between them 8,o men daily. The
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