is the high, proportion of Brahmans -among the students.. Games
and athletics are greatly encouraged at all the colleges and larger
schools.
Of the training schools, one is specially maintained for training
schoolmasters belonging to the Panchamas, or depressed castes, for
work in the schools for those classes. The special institution's include
schools or classes of medicine, engineering, telegraphy, printing, drawing,
and dressmaking, two commercial schools, three industrial schools,
four schools of music or singing, the 'Anjuman, and the School of
,Arts. The Anjuman was established in 1885 to ameliorate the con-
dition of the Musalman poor of both sexes, and, though intended
chiefly as a technical school, provides also for general education. It
has a showroom for its. productions in the Mount Road. The School
of Arts was started by Dr. Hunter as a private concern in 1850, and
was taken over by Government in x855. It consists of two branches
one in which drawing, designing, modelling, and engraving are taught;
and another in which instruction is given in wood-carving, carpet-
weaving, metal-work, and painting. All the students are required to
attend the classes in the former. For some time special attention
was paid in the school to the capabilities of aluminium as a mate-
rial for household and other utensils, and one result of this has been
the establishment of a private industry in the manufacture of articles
from this metal. The possibilities of chrome tanning are now being
investigated.
The total number of pupils under instruction in the city in. z88o-r
was 23,650;'in 1890-1, 34)9481 in 1901-1, 42,348; and in 1903-4,
47,236 of whom 11,472 were girls. Madras far surpasses all the
country Districts in the literacy of its inhabitants. Of the males 36
per cent. and of the females 9 per cent. can read and write, while
in the Presidency as a whole the corresponding figures are 12 and less
than one. Fourteen per cent. of the inhabitants can read and write
English, compared with less than z per cent. in the Presidency gener-
ally. Of the girls in the upper stages of the schools and in the colleges,
the majority are Europeans, Eurasians, and native Christians. Of the
99 women who have up to the present passed the F.A. Examination,
66 were Europeans, 26 native Christians, 6 Brahmans, and the remain-
ing one a non-Brahman Hindu. In 1905 two European ladies and
one native Christian passed the B.A. examination. Of late years
efforts have been made to remove students in the city from the
unwholesome associations of native lodgings by providing them with
properly regulated hostels or boarding-houses. Four of these were
built by Dr. Miller, partly at his own expense, in connexion with the
Christian College. Five others are attached to the Teachers' College,
another is connected with the Panchama training school already re-
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