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Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 22, p. 77.

ADMINISTRATION 77 The following table shows the collections of land revenue and of total revenue (principal heads only), in thousands of rupees, for a series of years :-- 1880-i. 1890-1. 'goo-1. 1903-4. Land revenue 2,43 2,90 2,88 3,87 Total revenue 4,70 5,63 6,80 8,87 Until igoi the roads were managed by a Government: grant adminis- tered by the Deputy-Commissioner; but in that year the Cess Act was introduced and a road cess committee was constituted, with the Deputy-Commissioner as chairman, which maintains the roads outside the municipal areas of Dumka, Deogarh, and Sahibganj. The drainage of a marsh near Rajmahal was undertaken in 1898 under the provisions of the Drainage Act, and the work is now nearly completed. The District contains 13 police stations or thdnas and 5 outposts. The District Superintendent has jurisdiction in Dumka town, the Deogarh subdivision, and the parts of Pakaur, Rajmahal, and Godda outside the Daman-i-koh. The force subordinate to him in 1903 consisted of 6 inspectors, 28 sub-inspectors, 33 head constables, and 335 constables. In addition to these, a company of military police, ioo strong, is stationed at Dumka. The remainder of the District is excluded from the jurisdiction of the regular police; and police duties are performed under the police rules of 1856 by the village headman, a number of villages being grouped together under a parganait, ghat- wdl, or sardar, who corresponds to a thdna officer. The parganait is the Santal tribal chief, the ghdtwdl a police service-tenure holder, and the sardar a Paharia tribal chief. As these indigenous police officials did not satisfactorily cover the whole non-police area, Regulation III of lgoo was passed, under which stipendiary sarddrs are appointed to groups of villages, where there is no existing and properly remuner- ated officer, and are paid by a cess on the villagers. There are in the Daman-i-koh 33 parganaits and 2o hill sarddrs. Excluding these, there are in the Dumka subdivision 55 stipendiary sarddrs, 4 ghdt sarddrs remunerated by holdings of land, and 819 chaukidars; and in the Jamtara subdivision 2 ghatwdls, 27 sarddrs, and 523 chaukidars. In all, chaukidars number 3,965. A District jail at Dumka has accom- modation for 140 prisoners, and subsidiary jails at Deogarh, Godda, Rajmahal, Jamtara, and Pakaur for 116. Education is very backward, only 2•5 per cent. of the population (4-7 males and o-2 females) being able to read and write: in lgor ; but progress has been made since 18g1, when only 2.8 per cent. of the males were literate. The number of pupils under instruction increased F 2