III.A. India of the Vedas and the Epics
III.A.1. (a) Vedic India; (b) India as revealed in the Rāmāya&ntod;a. Brahmanic and Buddhist conceptions of the "Catur-Dvīpa Vasumatī" (cosmographic diagram) 13
III.A.2 India as revealed in the Mahābhārata: (a) Regions, peoples, and cities; (b) Opposing forces in the Mahābhārata war; (c) Natural features and sacred places 14
III.B. The Pre-Mauryan and Mauryan Periods
III.B.1. The Pre-Mauryan Age: (a) The sixteen mahājanapadas and other regional powers, 8th–6th century B.C.; (b) The age of Magadhan and Achaemenid hegemony, c. 560–c. 325 B.C. Dynastic chronology 15
III.B.2. (a) "Republics" of northeast India in the 6th–5th century B.C. according to Buddhist sources; (b) India as revealed in Pā&ntod;ini's A&stod;&ttod;ādhyāyī, 5th–4th century B.C.; (c) India as revealed by the Kau&ttod;ilīya Arthaśāstra, 4th century B.C. 16
III.B.3. (a) Campaigns and empire of Alexander the Great, 333–326 B.C.; (b) Eastern campaigns and conquests of Alexander; (c) India as known to the early Greeks 17
III.B.4. (a) The time of the Mauryan Empire, 321–181 B.C.; (b) Mauryas and contemporaneous powers, c. 325–175 B.C. Chart: Organization of the Mauryan Empire. Dynastic chronology. Photograph: Sarnath pillar capital 18
III.B.5. Religious movements and culture of the pre-Mauryan and Mauryan periods, 6th–3d century B.C.: (a) Religious movements and cultural establishments; (b) The hearth of Buddhism, Jainism, and the Ājīvika sect. Photographs: Didarganj yaksi and Barabar Hills, Lomas &Rtod;&stod;i Cave 19
III.C. Political Division in the Post-Mauryan Period
III.C.1 (a) Probable migration routes of Central Asian peoples to northwestern South Asia; (b) The period of Śu&ntod;ga and Indo-Greek ascendancy, c. 200–1 B.C.; (c) Major powers of the post- Mauryan period. Dynastic chronology 20
III.C.2. (a) The Sātavāhana-Śaka-Ku&stod;ā&ntod;a age, c. A.D. 1–300;
III.C.3. (a) Religious and cultural sites of the post-Mauryan period, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 300; (b) Site plan of Tak&stod;aśilā (Taxila); (c) A portion of the remains of Sirkap at Tak&stod;aśilā. Photo: Taxila, Main stūpa at Jaulian 22
III.C.4. Monuments of South Asia, c. 150 B.C.–A.D. 300 (eight photographs) 23
III.C.5. South Asia in the expanding Western view of the world, 1st–3d century A.D.: (a) Western knowledge of and trade with South Asia, 1st–3d century A.D. (b)–(d) The world according to Hecataeus, c. 500 B.C.; Eratosthenes, c. 200 B.C.; Ptolemy, c. A.D. 150. (e) Major Eurasian empires and trade routes, 1st–3d century A.D. 24
III.D. The Imperial Guptas and the Classical Age
III.D.1. (a) The Gupta-Vākā&ttod;aka Age, c. A.D. 300–500; (b) Imperial Guptas and contemporaneous powers, c. A.D. 300–500. Dynastic chronology 25
III.D.2. (a) The age of Pu&stod;yabhūti and Cālukyan ascendancy, c. A.D. 550–700; (b)–(c) Major powers of the post-Guptan period. Dynastic chronology 26
III.D.3. Purā&ntod;ic India (Bhārata): (a) Culture regions, janapadas, and cities; (b) Natural features and sacred places. The Purā&ntod;ic conception of "Jambu-Dvīpa" (cosmographic diagram). The Jain conception of "Manu&stod;yaloka" (photograph of a portion of an ancient cosmographic diagram) 27
III.D.4. Cultural sites of the Classical Age, c. A.D. 300–700 and routes of Chinese travelers to India. Chart: Organization of the Guptan Empire. Photograph of a portion of the remains of the Buddhist monastery at Nālandā 28
III.D.5. Monuments of South Asia, 4th–7th centuries A.D. (eight photographs) 29
III.D.6. (a) Southeast Asia to c. A.D. 650; (b) Major Indianized states of Southeast Asia to c. A.D. 650. Dynastic chronology. Four photographs of statuary of Indian inspiration 30
IV.1. (a) The age of the Gurjara-Pratihāras, Pālas, and Rā&stod;&ttod;rakū&ttod;as, c. A.D. 700–975; (b) Major powers of Northern India, c. 700–750; (c) Major Indian powers, c. 750–975. Dynastic chronology 31
IV.2. (a) The age of the Ghaznavids, Cāhmānas, Later Cālukyas, and Co&lline;as, c. 975–1200; (b) Selected powers of the 10th and 11th centuries; (c) Selected powers of the 11th and 12th centuries. Dynastic chronology 32
IV.3. Islamic expansion and changing Western views of South Asia, 7th–12th centuries: (a)–(c) Facsimiles of world "maps" of A.D. c. 640, c. 900, and 934. (d) The expansion of Islam to c. 1050 and the Ghaznavid Empire to A.D. c. 1030. (e) Arab knowledge of South Asia to c. 1050; inset: hypothetical recon-
IV.4. (a) Religious and cultural sites, 8th–12th centuries (with enlargements of three areas); (b) Religious movements of the 8th–12th centuries 34
IV.5. Monuments of South Asia, 8th–13th centuries (nine photographs) 35
IV.6. (a) Southeast Asia, c. A.D. 650–1250; (b) Major states of Southeast Asia, c. A.D. 650–1250. Dynastic chronology. Three photographs: Borobudur stūpa, with detail of bas-relief; Angkor Wat 36
V.1. (a) Northern India and adjacent area in the time of the Ghūrids and Mamlūks, c. 1170–1290; (b) Major powers of Northern India and adjacent areas, c. 1170–1290; (c) The con- vergence of East and West, c. 1200–1400. Dynastic chronology: Major Turkic and Mongol dynasties, 12th–14th centuries 37
V.2. (a) South Asia in the time of the Khaljīs and the Tughluqs, c. 1290–1390; (b) South India, c. 1190–1310; (c) Maximum extent of the Dehlī Sultanate under the Khaljīs and Tughluqs; (d) Major states of South India, 1190–1310; (e) The Sa&ndot;gama (Vijayanagara) Empire and the Bahmanī Kingdom prior to 1390. Dynastic chronology 38
V.3. (a) Political disintegration in Northern South Asia, c. 1390–1450; (b) Major states of Northern South Asia, c. 1390–1450; (c) South India, c. 1390–1485; (d) The career of Tīmūr and the Tīmūrid empire, 1370–1405 39
V.4. (a) South Asia in the time of the Lodīs, 1451–1526; (b) Major powers of Northern South Asia, 1451–1526; (c) South India, c. 1485–1605; (d) Major states of South India, 1390–1485; (e) Major states of South India, 1485–1605. Dynastic chronology 40
V.5. (a) Religious and cultural sites, c. 1200–1525; (b) Sūfī orders, shrines, and associated saints, late 11th–early 16th century; (c) Saints and poets of the Bhakti movement, 13th–early 16th century. Photograph: the Qutb Mīnār Delhi 41
V.6. Monuments of South Asia, c. 1200–1550 (nine photographs) 42
V.7. (a) Southeast Asia, c. 1250–1550; (b) Major states of Southeast Asia, c. 1250–1550. Dynastic chronology. Table: Survivals of Hinduized states in Southeast Asia after 1550. Photograph: Gravestone of Sultan Malik of Samudra 43