VIII.C.4. (a) All-India Muslim League: presidents and sessions, 1906–1943. (b) Political events and organizations and constitu- tional reforms in Burma, 1881–1948. Chronology of political organizations and events and constitutional reforms in Burma, 1886–1948. (c)–(1) Proposals for the partition or political reorganization of India, 1930–1946; (c)–(e) Proposals for a Muslim state or states; (f)–(h) Sikh proposals relative to the Punjab; (i)–(1) Proposals for the territorial reorganization of a united state of India 72

VIII.C.5. Major elections, 1920–1945: (a) Central Legislative Assembly election of 1934; (b) Provincial legislative elections, 1937; (c) Burma, 1936 election to the House of Representatives. Graphs: Central Legislative Assembly elections of 1920, 1923, 1926, 1930, 1934, and 1945; Comparison of 1937 and 1946 elections to provincial legislative assemblies 73

VIII.C.6. South Asia in world affairs in the pre-independence period: (a) South Asia in World War I, 1914–1918; (b) South Asia in World War II, 1939–1945, with inset on the Burma-India front, 1943–1944 and the reconquest of Burma, 1944–1945.

Four graphs: Extent of South Asian participation and casualties in World Wars I and II. Chronology: 1914–1948 74

VIII.C.7. Monuments of the Imperial Period (nine photographs) 75

VIII.D. The Indian Empire in 1947

VIII.D.1. The Indian Empire, administrative divisions, 1947, with community of rulers of Indian states and areas of majority of principal communities: (a) Minor administrative divisions (with detailed insets for portions of northeast and northwest India); (b) Major administrative divisions 76

IX.A. Internal Territorial and Administrative Changes

IX.A.1. Territorial changes, 1947–1955. Table: Allocation of seats in constituent assemblies of India and Pakistan. Graphs: Population of major political units of South Asia in 1951. Chart: Organization of India under the Constitution of 1950 77

IX.A.2. (a) Territorial changes, 1955–1975; (b)–(d) Simplifying the political map: the case of Gujarat, 1947, 1956, and 1960.

Graphs: Estimated population of major political units of South Asia in mid-1972. Chart: Organization of Pakistan under the Constitution of 1962 78

IX.A.3. Administrative divisions, 1975, with changes since 1961 (with six insets to show areas with significant changes) 79

IX.B. Elections, 1947–1973

IX.B.1. Indian general elections, 1952: (a) Lok Sabha election; (b) Elections to state legislative assemblies; (c) Mid-term elections (1954 and 1955). Reproductions of election symbols 80

IX.B.2. Indian general elections, 1957: (a) Lok Sabha election; (b) Elections to state legislative assemblies; (c) Mid-term elections (1955–1961) 81

IX.B.3. Indian general elections, 1962: (a) Lok Sabha election; (b) Elections to state legislative assemblies; (c) Mid-term elections (1963 and 1964) 82

IX.B.4. Indian general elections, 1967: (a) Lok Sabha election; (b) Elections to state legislative assemblies; (c) Mid-term elections (1968–1970) 83

IX.B.5. Indian general elections, 1971: (a) Lok Sabha election; (b) Elections to state legislative assemblies, 1971 and 1972.

Graph: Percentage of votes polled and seats won, by party, in Lok Sabha elections from 1952 to 1971 84

IX.B.6. Elections in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Ceylon: (a) East Pakistan provincial assembly election, 1954; (b) Pakistani presidential election, 1965; (c)–(d) Pakistani general elections, 1970, National and provincial assemblies; (e) Bangladesh elections, 1973; (f) Nepali general election, 1959; (g)–(m) Elections in Ceylon, 1947–1970. Chronologies: Events relating to government and elections in Pakistan; Events relating to government and elections in Pakistan; Events relating to constitutional status of and elections in Nepal 85

IX.C. International Boundaries and Territorial Disputes

IX.C.1. The status, age, and nature of South Asian boundaries: (a) Status of boundaries and dates of delimitation and demarcation (with insets relating to former foreign enclaves); (b) Boundaries classified by features followed, with indications of principal drainage basins (with insets relating to former foreign enclaves) 86

IX.C.2. Territorial and related issues in northwestern South Asia, 1947–1971: (a) Northwestern South Asia (general map); (b) The issue of Pakhtunistan; (c) The Indus Waters dispute; (d) The Pakistan-Iran boundary; (e) The Rann of Kutch dispute; (f)-(j) The Kashmir dispute and related social data: Distribution of principal religious and language groups (1941 and 1961), the Kashmir dispute in the period 1947–49; (k) The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Five chronologies 87

IX.C.3. Territorial and related issues in northern and northeastern South Asia, 1947–1971: (a) Northern and northeastern South Asia (general map); (b) The Burma-China boundary; (c) The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947; (d) The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed on various post-1947 maps; (e) The Sino-Indian boundary dispute in the West, the war of 1962, and the Sino- Pakistani boundary accord; (f) Boundaries and political status of the Himalayan kingdoms; (g) Boundary and related problems in and around East Pakistan; (h) Ethnic diversity along India's North-East Frontier; (i) The Sino-Indian boundary dispute in the east and the war of 1962. Four chronologies 88

IX.D. Political Movements and Related Events

IX.D.1. (a) Communal, sectarian, linguistic, and other social disturbances, 1947–1971; (b) Economic and political disturbances and insurrectionary movements, 1947–1971 (with insets of the Ceylon uprising of 1971 and of the eastern tribal areas); (c) Major events leading to the emergence of Bangladesh, 1970–1971; (d) The Indo-Pakistani war of December 3–17, 1971 (with insets on the ground war in the northwest and in the east) 89

IX.E. South Asia in the Contemporary World

IX.E.1. South Asia in world affairs, 1947–1971. Chronology. Graphs: Shares of major power blocs and nations in the world's population and gross national products; Dates of South Asian membership in the U.N., affiliated agencies, and the Colombo Plan 90

X.A. Communities

X.A.1. Religious composition, 1931. Table: Religious composi- tion of major political divisions of South Asia, 1931 91

X.A.2. (a) Religious composition, 1961; (b)–(c) Displaced persons to Pakistan from India and to India from Pakistan as of 1951. Table: Religious composition of major political subdivisions of South Asia, 1961 92

X.A.3. (a)–(d) Distribution of Hindus, by minor and major administrative divisions, 1931 and 1961; (e) Generalized distribution of Hindu sects 93

X.A.4. (a)–(d) Distribution of Muslims, by minor and major administrative divisions, 1931 and 1961; (e) Distribution of Muslim sects; (f) Displaced persons (of all religions) as a percentage of total population, 1951 94

X.A.5. (a)–(c) Distribution of Sikhs, 1901, 1931, 1961; (d)–(e) Distribution of Jains, 1931 and 1961; (f) Distribution of Jain sects; (g)–(h) Distribution of Buddhists and Buddhist subgroups, 1931 and 1961 95

X.A.6. (a)–(b) Distribution of Christians, 1901 and 1931; (c) Distribution of Europeans and Eurasians, 1931; (d) Distri- bution of Christians, 1961; (e) Distribution of major Christian denominations, c. 1961; (f)–(g) Distribution of Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Jews, 1931 and 1961 96