The Judgement: Re-Forming the 'Public' 12. Conceptually this shift is very much present in what Habermas calls the 'contradictory institutionaliza-tion of the public sphere in the bourgeois constitutional state', where eventually the 'public' equates with the private, the home with the citizen). Habermas, already cited, p. 87. 13. Raymond Williams, Television: Technology and Cultural Form, London: Routledge (1990). See also Raymond Williams on Television, Selected Writings, London: Routledge (1989). 148 ^- Armand Mattelart, Xavier Delcourt, Michelle Mattelart, International Image Markets: In Search of an Alternate Perspective, London: Comedia Series 21, n.d. 15. This interminable dilemma between the textually sited viewer and-the 'actual' viewer described in terms like the 'uses and gratifications model' almost never addresses the crucial issue of how television actually transforms habits, converts people into 'ideal viewers'. The problem is inevitably perceived, as for instance by David Morley's classic book, as 'an empirical question', and the challenge one of developing appropriate methods of empirical investigation. The 'Nationwide' Audience: Structure and Decoding, London: BFI (1980). 16. Ashish Rajadhyaksha, The Four Looks and the Indian Cinema', 1996, unpublished. 17. Partha Chatterjee, 'Beyond the Nation? Or Within?'. Economic & Political Weekly, 32:1/2 (Jan 4-11 1997), pp. 30-34. 18. Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, 'Broadcasting: National Cultures/International Business', New Formations 13 (1991). 19. Etienne Balibar, 'The Nation Form: History and Ideology', in Balibar and Immanuel WaUerstein, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities'. London: Verso (1991), p. 93. 20. This became a particularly contentious issue when Star TV aggressively sought a position as India's official channel, taking on Doordarshan in its very bastion, so to say. Its bid to be the official broadcaster of the 1997 Republic Day parade, its hiring of Rathikant Basu as its Chief Executive Officer, and most directly perhaps, its anniversary celebration on the lawns of the (former) Prime Minister I.K. Gujral's official residence clearly threatened Doordarshan's very existence. The divide between a public service and commercial broadcaster has now gravitated, by default, to 'terrestrial versus satellite' broadcasting which is again contentious but at least a more straightforward battle for control over the market. Similar battles are in evidence in the Southern states between Sun and Eenadu versus local DD channels for national or sub-national authority. 21. See Sylvia Harvey and Kevin Robins eds.. The Regions, The Nations and the BBC, London: BFI (1993). 22. Madhava Prasad has argued how, in certain film genres, 'the private is only invented in and through (the) relationship of family to State ... whereas in the old family, which is at once a family and an authoritarian regime, the private does not exist. As such, the unspoken ... alliance between the State (which is only formally in place) and the numerous pre-modern points of power and authority ... prohibits the invention of the private'. Prasad, 'Cinema and the Desire for Modernity', Journal of Arts 6' Ideas 25-26 (1993). 23. In the words of the Broadcasting Bill to which Voices draws attention, 'the Authority may grant licenses to ... institutions ... for terrestrial broadcasting services ... provided ... the object of such institution is to provide education, community service, environment protection or health awareness' (section 16/2). 24. Cf Garnham, 'Broadcasting and the State', op. cit, pp. 17-19. 25. Doordarshan, contrary to other commercial channels, has a different system of 'approval' where producers get clearance for their serials after which they are, so to say, allowed to 'rent' time on DD for which they then raise money in the market. This leads to curious situations where some of DD's largest software manufacturers - like Plus Channel - end up owing money to DD rather than being paid for their productions by DD. 26. Karl Marx, 'Democracy starts from man and makes the state objectified man ... whereas in other forms of state man is a legal manifestation, to democracy ... it is a human manifestation'. 'Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law', Collected Works vol 3, pp. 29-30. See also in this Sudipta Kaviraj's chronicling of a particularly Indian-nationalist variation uport this concept of the 'state as Journal of Arts ^ Ideas