i€0 SOCIAL SCIENTIST Further, Lenin's law of the inexhaustibility of nature should lead one to the law that matter in motion is inexhaustible. Inexhaustibility of motion would mean that by withdrawing energy it would ?iot b^ possible to reduce matter to a state of motionlessness, where the internal motion is zero. This immediately suggests the possibility of inexhaustible reservoirs of energy in nature. The present theories of the nuclei of galaxies are not able to account for the tremendous outbursts of energy from these nuclei. Gravitational fields appear to be seats of tremendous amounts «>f energy. This is reflected in the negative sign we give to the potential energy of gravitation. The Hoyle-Narlikar theory relates the formation of new galaxies to the withdrawal from this negative reservoir of energy. The concept of negative energy is also used in some of the theories of the positron and in the calculation by Hawking regarding the way energy is withdrawn from a black hole through pair production. Negative energy, it appears, reflects the infinity of motion of matter. Under such a hypothesis, the problem of trapped surfaces, and singularities in the space-time manifold may be successfully tackled. It would mean that the black hole is not necessarily a one way traffic of particles and energy going towards the centre, but is a process with its own inner contradictions. The principle of contradiction suggests that at some stage gravitational attraction would turn into repulsion under certain conditions. Engels had said a century ago (in 1890): "Where there is Mtraction, it must be complemented by repulsion9'. Narlikar said the following regarding the Hoyle-Narlikar theory: "If we examine the motion of a test particle...we find that it is firtet attracted by the isolated particle. But when the test particle gets very close to the isolated particle it is repelled. ... If gravitation changes sign and attraction changes to repulsion at very close range, this may explain why, for example, the massive galactic nuclei seem to be exploding jather than imploding."7 Attraction changing to repulsion is ^ manifestation of the law erf struggle and unity of opposites. The bUck hole, if discovered, would be one more testing place for this dialectical law. 1 Maurice Cornforth. Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, page 296. 1 Niel Smith, "Symptomatic Silence in Althusser: The Concept of Nature and the Unity of Science", Science and Society, p 77" 3 Karl Marx. Grundrisse, The Pelican Marx Library. 1973, p 817. 4 A S Bagomolov. Dialectical Contradiction and its Solution in Philosophy in the U S S'R, Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1977, p 141. 5 Ibid, p 152. 6 V I Lenin, Materialism and Empiriocritichm, Moscpw, Progress Publishers, 1979, p 243 7 J V Narlikar, The Structure of the Universe, Oxford University Press, 1978. pl71.