62 SOCIAL SCIENTIST efficiency and international competitiveness must begin with the dismantling of controls on production, prices and trade-^-both domestic and international. This would change 'the relative earnings of agents of production and the relative prices of products produced* and fit industry in the country concerned into the pattern of global comparative advantage. Needless to say, there is a considerable degree of divergence of opinion on this question. In fact, there is disagreement on the nature of markets itself, with many seeing them as 'complex organizations, bound not just by short-term arm's-Iength contracts between buyers and sellers, but also by ties of custom, long-term arrangements, by "implicit contracts" between employers and workers, customers and suppliers and perhaps even regulatory agencies and firms.' In such a perspective, the judicious intervention of public agencies could be a necessary characteristic of a well-functioning-market. It is in this background that the contribution of the monograph under review needs to be assessed. Bagchi's essay is concerned with the nature, rationale and efficacy of intervention, as reflected in the experience of three countries with diverse social and political structures, in order to arrive at an assessment of the role that intervention can play in the process of adjusting to the rather dramatic changes in world trade patterns, technologies and market opportunities over the last couple of decades. STRUCTURAL CHANGE The exercise begins with an attempt at conceptualizing the process of structural change and the manner in which it occurs. At the level of the economy as a whole, cross-country experience, while throwing up definite patterns, suggests that the nature of such change has been transformed in the post-war years. In the developed countries, industrialization was initially accompanied by a decline in the share of the primary sector in national income and an increase in that of the secondary and tertiary sectors. However, after World War II, the share Of the secondary sector has been on the decline, while that of the tertiary sector has risen rapidly. Some developing countries have been displaying a sequence of development similar to the above. However, in many other developing countries, where8 the tertiary sector appears unusually large, growth was' initially accompanied by a decline in the share of the priiftary and tertiary sectors in national income, without significantly contribution to employment affecting the primary sector's significantly. Subsequently, th& share of the tertiary sector in national income has tended to increase with increases m income at a rate much faster4 than m the developed countries at comparable stages in their development ' ^ Needless to ^ay, the relative positions and changes in shares of the different sectors depends ori the dynamics of change in secondary industry itself. Bagchi surveys the ^lit^rature" based on developed