14 SOCIAL SCIENTIST large-scale scientific methods in agriculture, develops a fertile and highly profitable field for agribusiness to operate in and creates a ready-made market for its products. But, as we have seen in the case of India, use of these methods increases unemployment and inequality without increasing the amount of food produced. Moreover, such technologies are wasteful of energy (which most of the third world is deficient in) and increase dependence on the advanced capitalist countries for the very techniques which impoverish third world countries still further. Traditional ways of planting, fertilizing, harvesting and caring for the earth are replaced by the use of expensive imported chemical products. And the use of these products has in turn exhausted and impoverished the soil.88 The lesser beneficiaries of the World Bank^s largesse are a handful of rich landowners in the third world. But the greater beneficiaries are the makers of farm equipment, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides* The World Bank might as well have handed over its money to the multinational corporations direct and saved third world countries from further distortions in their economies and further ransoms on their future. 1 SeeJ D Bernal, Science in History, 3rd ed London 1965 and J Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge 1956-65. 2 Science means not only the so-called puie sciences (physics, chemistry, biology), but also applied sciences (agriculture, medicine, engineering). 8 A Gorz, ^On the Class Character of Science and Scientists', H Rose and S Rose (eds) The Political Economy of Science, London 1976. 4 I Scheffler, Science and Subjectivity, Chicago 1967. * 6 Paradigms are the generally accepted fundamental beliefs about a particular phenomenon which describe its nature, explain experimental relations and define further areas of investigation which can proceed without challenging the basic hypotheses. 6 J Monod, 'On the Logical Relationship between Knowledge and Values' in W Fuller (cd) The Social Impact ofModern Biology s London 1971. 7 T Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago, 1962. 8 Quoted in B Easlea9 Scientific Knowledge and a Livable World University of Sussex, December 1975 (unpublished paper). 9 'The Incorporation of Science' in Th? Political Economy of Science, op. cit. 10 C Ackroyd, K Margolis, J Rosenhead and T Shallice, The Technology af Political CWro^, Harmondsworth, 1977. 11 R K Merton, 'The Institutional Imperatives of Science* B Barnes (ed) Sociology of Science, Harmondsworth 1977. 12 Science for the People, Vol 4 numbers 5 and 6, September-November 1972. 18 J D Bernal, op. cit. 14 EJ Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, Harmondsworth 1969. 15 H Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital, Monthly Review Press, New York 1974. 16 VI Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Moscow 1967. 17 R M Macleod 'Scientific Advice for British India: Imperial Perception and Administrative Goals 1898-1923/ Modern Asian Studies, Vol 9, number 3,1975. ^ GBasalla, 'Science and Government in England, 1800-1870^ (quoted in RM Macleod, op.cit.)