CAUSALITY IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 53 7 ^The cause, then, philosophically speaking, is the sum total of conditions positive and negative taken together; the whole of the contingencies of every description, which being realised, the consequent invariably follows/'John Stuart Mill, System of Logic, London, p 217 8 "... the human conception of cause and effect always somewhat simplifies the objective connection of the phenomena of nature, reflecting it only approximately, artificially isolating one or another aspect of a single world process." V I Lenin, Materialism and Empiric-Criticism, Moscow, p 154. 9 The change undergone by the entity B apart from being determined by the external factors generated by A is also determined by the internal nature of the body B, experiencing the action. 10 G A Svechnikov, Causality and the Relation of States in Physics, Moscow 1971, p 74. Mario Bunge holds the view that this identification is a result of two factors, one the attempt to frame thermodynamics in a causal language and second the influence of phenomenalism. Mario Bunge, Causality, p 69 fn 27. 11 There are objective laws of chance which are also like objective existing laws of necessity. See Max Born, Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, Oxford 1949. 12 It is due to this view that mechanism and determinism were treated as synonv-mous. see A D'Abro, The Decline of Mechanism, New York 1939, p 4. In the text books of philosophy causality and determinism are also erroneously used as synonymous. Example, see John Hospers, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis, London 1967. c 'If everything that happens has a cause then we live in a deterministic universe", p 321. 13 David Bohm, Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, p 130. 14 "... Every truth, if overdone, if exaggerated, if carried beyond the limits of its actual applicability, can be reduced to absurdity, and is even bound to become an absurdity under these conditions." V I Lenin, Left Win^ Communism an Infantile Disorder, Moscow, p 44. 15 16 "Causality is a relation within the realm of conceptual objects. The relation of cause and effect refers to conceptual events regardless of the relation of the latter to reality. In the prescientific stage of experience causality is attributed to an intuitively given world which confronts an observer. In the sophisticated stage of science causality must be attributed to a model which the scientist constructs out of concepts.-" V F Lenzen Causality in Natural Science, Illinois 1954. Also Schlick describes causality as the 'possibility of calculation'. See Moritz Schlick "Causality in Everyday Life and Recent Science" Readings in Philosophical Analysis, Feigl and Sellers (ed) , New York 1949. 17 "Although functions make it possible to symbolise and to give precise quantitative descriptions and predictions of connections enormously more complex and rich than the causal bond, they fail to state the one-sided genetic connection that characterises causation." Mario Bunge, op.cit., p 82. 18 "So causality and teleology would not be different at all; it makes no difference